Vermeersch A-S, Ducatelle R, Geldhof P, Opsomer G
Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
J Dairy Sci. 2025 Jan;108(1):59-72. doi: 10.3168/jds.2024-25086. Epub 2024 Dec 16.
Udder cleft dermatitis (UCD) is a common dermatological condition of the udder skin in dairy cows. It is generally considered to be a multifactorial disease, being described in a rather limited amount of literature. Its cow and within-herd prevalence widely ranges between studies depending on the study characteristics, environment and breed. Known risk factors include husbandry practices and environmental factors, such as freestall housing, the use of mattresses as cubicle bases, and footbathing. Cow-related elements, such as udder conformation, parity, and lactation parameters are well-known risk factors for developing UCD. Despite being associated with a high incidence of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis and culling due to udder disease, the SCC of the milk is not influenced by UCD. Severe UCD lesions are characterized by chronic and persistent, dysregulated inflammation accompanied by hampered skin healing and an impaired skin barrier. There is a decrease in microbial diversity followed by dysbiosis and a concomitant overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria negatively affecting beneficial commensal bacteria. Concurrently, a shift in virulence factors most likely contributes to the creation of an environment favorable to pathogens. Anecdotally, mange mites have been associated with UCD but current literature refutes this. The role of treponemes remains inconclusive. Multiomics analysis of both transcriptomic and metagenomic severe UCD datasets, revealed the negative interaction of the facultative pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes with microbiome-associated virulence factors and the patient's transcriptome. No efficient curative treatments nor prevention strategies have been identified so far, although alginogel products have been described to have a positive effect on the healing process of severe lesions. All in all, UCD is a painful skin disease for which an array of miscellaneous risk factors have been identified. For the first time we assimilate literature on prevalence and risk factors, and results from recent elementary studies that provide insights into the pathogenesis of this challenging disease.
乳房裂皮炎（UCD）是奶牛乳房皮肤常见的皮肤病。它通常被认为是一种多因素疾病，相关文献数量相当有限。根据研究特征、环境和品种的不同，不同研究中其在奶牛群内的患病率差异很大。已知的风险因素包括饲养管理措施和环境因素，如自由栏舍饲养、使用床垫作为牛舍地面、以及足部浸泡。与奶牛相关的因素，如乳房形态、胎次和泌乳参数，是发生UCD的众所周知的风险因素。尽管UCD与经兽医治疗的临床乳腺炎高发以及因乳房疾病而被淘汰有关，但牛奶中的体细胞计数不受UCD影响。严重的UCD病变的特征是慢性持续性炎症失调，伴有皮肤愈合受阻和皮肤屏障受损。微生物多样性降低，随后出现生态失调，机会性细菌过度生长，对有益共生细菌产生负面影响。同时，毒力因子的转变很可能有助于创造有利于病原体的环境。据传闻，疥螨与UCD有关，但目前的文献对此予以反驳。密螺旋体的作用仍尚无定论。对转录组和宏基因组严重UCD数据集的多组学分析表明，兼性病原菌化脓性链球菌与微生物群相关毒力因子和患者转录组之间存在负相互作用。尽管已描述藻胶产品对严重病变的愈合过程有积极作用，但迄今为止尚未确定有效的治疗方法和预防策略。总而言之，UCD是一种痛苦的皮肤病，已确定了一系列混杂的风险因素。我们首次综合了关于患病率和风险因素的文献，以及近期基础研究的结果，这些研究为这种具有挑战性的疾病的发病机制提供了见解。
