Influence of smoking on glycaemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes using flash glucose monitoring and its mediating role in the relationship between socioeconomic status and glycaemic control.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the influence of smoking on glycaemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using flash continuous glucose monitoring (F-CGM) systems, as well as its potential mediating role in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and glycaemic control.

METHODS

This study included 378 subjects with T1D (18% smokers). Glucose metrics cloud downloads were obtained over a period of 14 days. Mean annual net income per person based on census tract data was used as a proxy for SES. Mediation analysis was performed using four-way effect decomposition procedures.

RESULTS

Smokers exhibited significantly lower net income than non-smokers ( < 0.001). Compared to smokers, non-smokers showed better glycaemic control characterized as higher time in range (TIR) 70-180 mg/dL ( = 0.002) and lower glycosylated haemoglobin levels ( = 0.008). Mediation analysis revealed a significant mediating role of smoking in the relationship between SES and glycaemic control (TIR).

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that smoking exerts a detrimental effect on glycaemic control in individuals with T1D using F-CGM systems. In addition, tobacco use partially mediates the relationship between SES and glycaemic control. Thus, adopting smoking cessation measures could lead to improved glycaemic control and help mitigate the impact of social inequalities on T1D.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01535-y.