Root RADAR: how 'rhizocrine' signals allow roots to detect and respond to their soil environment and stresses.

Agricultural intensification coupled with changing climate are causing soils to become increasingly vulnerable to stresses such as drought, soil erosion, and compaction. The mechanisms by which roots detect and respond to soil stresses remain poorly understood. Recent breakthroughs show that roots release volatile and soluble hormone signals into the surrounding soil, then monitor their levels to sense soil stresses. Our review discusses how hormones can act 'outside the plant' as 'rhizocrine' signals that function to improve plant resilience to different soil stresses. We also propose a novel signalling paradigm which we term 'root RADAR' where 'rhizocrine' levels change in soil in response to environmental stresses, feeding back to roots and triggering adaptive responses.