Advanced strategies for intensive care management of acute liver failure.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is defined as the loss of hepatic function in conjunction with hepatic encephalopathy and coagulopathy. There is histological evidence of profound hepatocyte damage. If it is not aggressively managed, ALF can be fatal within a few days. It is a rare disease, often occurring in patients without prior liver disease. Despite numerous causes, ALF usually presents as acute liver necrosis with a clinical picture that includes cognitive dysfunction, increased aminotransferases, and severe coagulopathy. It is essential to distinguish between ALF and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Causes for ALF include paracetamol Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by acute liver dysfunction associated with overdose, right heart failure (ischemic liver injury), viral hepatitis (A, B, D and E), autoimmune hepatitis and drug-induced liver injury (including some herbal and nutritional supplements). In developed countries, the prevalence of ALF is 1:1,000,000. Survival rates have increased due to improved ICU management.