Counting rare endosymbionts using digital droplet PCR.

is the most widespread animal-associated intracellular microbe, living within the cells of over half of insect species. Since they can suppress pathogen replication and spread rapidly through insect populations, is at the vanguard of public health initiatives to control mosquito-borne diseases. 's abilities to block pathogens and spread quickly are closely linked to their abundance in host tissues. The most common method for counting is quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), yet qPCR can be insufficient to count rare , necessitating tissue pooling and consequently compromising individual-level resolution of dynamics. Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) offers superior sensitivity, enabling the detection of rare targets and eliminating the need for sample pooling. Here, we report three ddPCR assays to measure total abundance, abundance adjusted for DNA extraction efficiency, and density relative to host genome copies. Using with Mel as a model, we show these ddPCR assays can reliably detect as few as 7 to 12 gene copies in a 20 μL reaction. The designed oligos are homologous to sequences from at least 106 strains across Supergroup A and 53 host species from the , , and genera, suggesting broad utility. These highly sensitive ddPCR assays are expected to significantly advance -host interactions research by enabling the collection of molecular data from individual insect tissues. Their ability to detect rare will be especially valuable in applied and natural field settings where pooling samples could obscure important variation.