Gols R
Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2025 Mar;27(2):287-296. doi: 10.1111/plb.13757. Epub 2024 Dec 25.
Plants can sustain various degrees of damage or compensate for tissue loss by regrowth without significant fitness costs. This tolerance to insect herbivory depends on the plant's developmental stage during which the damage is inflicted and on how much tissue is removed. Plant fitness correlates, that is, biomass and germination of seeds, were determined at different ontogenetic stages, vegetative, budding, or flowering stages of three annual brassicaceous species exposed to feeding by Pieris brassicae caterpillars at different intensities. Fitness costs decreased with progressive ontogenetic stage at which damage was inflicted. Feeding on meristem tissues on vegetative and budding plants limited the plant's ability to fully compensate for tissue loss, whereas feeding on flowers resulted in full compensation or overcompensation in Sinapis arvensis and Brassica nigra. Herbivory promoted germination of seeds in the following year, thereby causing a shift in relative contribution to the next year's generation at the expense of contributing to the long-lived seed bank. Herbivory intensity affected fitness correlates of B. nigra and to a lesser extent of Sisymbrium officinale, but not of S. arvensis, demonstrating that even closely related plant species can differ in their specific responses to herbivory and that these can differently affect reproductive output. In terms of fitness costs, annual plant species can be quite resilient to herbivory. However, the extent to which they tolerate tissue loss depends on the ontogenetic stage that is under attack. Seed persistence in the soil has been proposed as a bet-hedging strategy of short-lived species to increase long-term fitness. Herbivore-induced changes in seed germination can result in a shift in the relative contribution of seeds to the seed bank and next year's generation.
植物能够承受不同程度的损害，或通过重新生长来补偿组织损失，而不会付出显著的适合度代价。这种对昆虫食草作用的耐受性取决于损害发生时植物的发育阶段以及被去除的组织量。通过在三个一年生十字花科物种的不同个体发育阶段（营养期、现蕾期或开花期），以不同强度让菜粉蝶幼虫取食，测定了植物的适合度相关指标，即生物量和种子萌发情况。随着损害发生时个体发育阶段的推进，适合度代价降低。取食营养期和现蕾期植物的分生组织会限制植物完全补偿组织损失的能力，而取食花朵在野芥菜和黑芥中会导致完全补偿或超补偿。食草作用促进了次年种子的萌发，从而导致对次年世代的相对贡献发生变化，以牺牲对长期种子库的贡献为代价。食草强度影响了黑芥的适合度相关指标，对药用庭荠的影响较小，但对野芥菜没有影响，这表明即使是亲缘关系密切的植物物种，对食草作用的具体反应也可能不同，并且这些反应对繁殖输出的影响也可能不同。就适合度代价而言，一年生植物物种对食草作用可能具有相当的恢复力。然而，它们耐受组织损失的程度取决于受到攻击的个体发育阶段。种子在土壤中的持久性被认为是短命物种增加长期适合度的一种风险分摊策略。食草动物诱导的种子萌发变化会导致种子对种子库和次年世代的相对贡献发生变化。
