Hasegawa Yumiko, Okada Ayako, Fujii Keisuke
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan.
Japan Ladies Professional Golfers' Association, Tokyo, Japan.
PLoS One. 2024 Dec 31;19(12):e0314820. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314820. eCollection 2024.
When playing on an sloped golf course, the ball often misses the hole to the front-lower side, which is also referred to as the "amateur side." This can be attributed to the difficulty in perceiving the green slope and choosing the appropriate launch direction and ball speed, especially for amateurs. The study had three main objectives. The first was to examine whether a front-down bias toward the hole could be experimentally observed in golfers' putting. Second, to measure golfers' aims and movements to determine why golfers, especially amateurs, putt poorly on steep slopes. Third, to investigate using a miniature platform how golfers recognized the steepness of the slopes and the relationship between their aim and their slope recognition. Twelve professionals and twelve intermediate amateurs were asked to perform in the 1- and 3-degree conditions (left-to-right line) at a distance of 3 m from the hole. Participants wore shutter goggles to inhibit visual feedback of outcomes. The aim, address, ball launch direction (analyzed as angles), and kinematics of the putter head and ball were measured. The results of this study experimentally confirmed the amateur side and indicated that the aim, address, and launch directions of the amateurs were smaller than those of the professionals. As for reproducing the slope task, we found that the amateurs underestimated the steepness on both conditions when compared to professionals. Additionally, golfers' aim and slope recognition were weakly correlated. These suggest that amateurs, compared to professionals, were unable to choose the optimal speed of the putter head and the launch direction of the ball in relation to the slope. Furthermore, amateurs' recognition was worse than that of professionals, which may affect their aim.
在倾斜的高尔夫球场上打球时,球常常会偏离球洞,偏向球洞前下方,这也被称为“业余球手侧”。这可能是由于难以感知果岭坡度以及选择合适的击球方向和球速,尤其是对于业余球手来说。这项研究有三个主要目标。第一个目标是检验在高尔夫球手推杆时,是否能通过实验观察到朝向球洞的前下方偏差。第二个目标是测量高尔夫球手的瞄准和动作,以确定为什么高尔夫球手,尤其是业余球手,在陡坡上推杆表现不佳。第三个目标是使用一个微型平台来研究高尔夫球手如何识别坡度的陡峭程度以及他们的瞄准与坡度识别之间的关系。12名职业高尔夫球手和12名中级业余球手被要求在距离球洞3米处,在1度和3度条件下(从左到右的线路)进行击球。参与者佩戴快门护目镜以抑制击球结果的视觉反馈。测量了瞄准、站位、球的发射方向(以角度分析)以及推杆头和球的运动学数据。这项研究的结果通过实验证实了业余球手侧,并表明业余球手的瞄准、站位和发射方向比职业球手小。至于重现坡度任务,我们发现与职业球手相比,业余球手在两种条件下都低估了坡度的陡峭程度。此外,高尔夫球手的瞄准和坡度识别之间的相关性较弱。这些结果表明,与职业球手相比,业余球手无法根据坡度选择推杆头的最佳速度和球的发射方向。此外,业余球手的识别能力比职业球手差,这可能会影响他们的瞄准。
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