Cardiopulmonary Protection of Modified Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Mitral Valve Replacement Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is reported to have early-phase and delayed-phase organ-protective effects. Previous studies have focused on the organ protection of a single RIPC protocol, and the clinical outcomes remain uncertain. Whether the modified RIPC (mRIPC) protocol performed repeatedly provides cardiopulmonary protection is still uncertain. In this single-center, randomized, controlled trial, 86 patients undergoing elective mitral valve replacement (MVR) surgery were randomized 1:1 to receive either mRIPC or no ischemic preconditioning (control). Three cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion induced by a blood pressure cuff served as the RIPC stimulus. mRIPC was induced at the following three time points: 24 h, 12 h, and 1 h before surgery. Blood samples were withdrawn at 10 min after intubation (T0), at 1 h after aortic declamping (T1), and at 6 h (T2), 12 h (T3), and 24 h (T4) after surgery to measure the serum concentrations of myocardial enzymes and other biomarkers, including cardiac troponin I (cTnI), which was the primary endpoint of this study. Creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inotropic score (IS), and inflammatory mediators were also measured. Blood gas analysis was conducted to calculate the PaO/FiO ratio and A-aDO, and the incidence of acute lung injury (ALI) was also recorded. mRIPC significantly decreased the serum concentrations of cTnI, CK-MB, and LDH at T2, T3, and T4 ( < 0.01), and the IS decreased compared with that in the control group (12.0 ± 1.0 vs. 14.2 ± 1.1, < 0.01). In addition, the incidence of ALI in the mRIPC group was decreased (32.6% vs. 51.2%, = 0.039), and the PaO/FiO was higher at T4 ( < 0.05). Compared with those in the control group, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) were decreased at T1, T2, T3, and T4 ( < 0.05) in the mRIPC group, and the level of IL-10 increased at the same time. mRIPC decreased the incidence of myocardial and lung injury in MVR surgery, providing new evidence for the clinical application of RIPC in valve surgery. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01406678).