Exploring the catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of Namibian encroacher bush.

An urgent ecological issue is the threat posed by invasive species, which are becoming more widespread especially in Africa. These encroachments damage ecosystems, pose a threat to biodiversity, and outcompete local plants and animals. This article focuses on converting Acacia Mellifera from Namibia, commonly known as encroacher bush (EB) into high-quality drop-in intermediates for the chemical and transport industry via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). HTL tackles the growing need for sustainable energy carriers while simultaneously halting the spread of the invasive species. A surface response methodology was used to optimize the HTL process for the following operational conditions: temperature (250-340 °C), residence time (5-60 min) and catalyst loading (0-10 wt%). The catalyst of choice was determined after evaluating the energy recovery (ER) of four different catalysts (Zeolite, LaO, Hydrotalcite, Ni/SiO-AlO) under the same HTL operational conditions. The results indicate that the addition of hydrotalcite results in high yields of bio-crude oil (13-28 wt%), without compromising the high heating value (HHV, 26-31 MJ/kg), water content (0.47 wt%) or increasing the content of oxygenated compounds compared to the non-catalytic experiment. For the experimental conditions tested, we observed a global maximum in conversion in the 330 °C and 30 min range. Our findings indicate that the most significant factor on the conversion of EB into bio-crude oil was temperature, followed by the catalyst loading. Furthermore, biochars produced at 330 °C and 30 min show potential as solid biofuels with HHVs up to 28.30 MJ/kg.