Iwanaga Joe, Kim Hee-Jin, Akita Keiichi, Logan Bari M, Hutchings Ralph T, Ottone Nicolás, Nonaka Yoichi, Anand Mahindra, Burns Danny, Singh Vishram, Peris-Celda Maria, Martinez-Soriano Francisco, Apaydin Nihal, Hanna Amgad, Yoshioka Nobutaka, Fernandez-Miranda Juan, Hur Mi-Sun, Shoja Mohammadali M, Saremi Farhood, Reina Francisco, Tabira Yoko, Carrera Anna, Spratt Jonathan D, Ho S Yen, Mori Shumpei, Komune Noritaka, Watanabe Koichi, Prats-Galino Alberto, De Andrés Jose, Reina Miguel Angel, Abrahams Peter H, Anderson Robert H, Ibaragi Soichiro, Loukas Marios, Tubbs R Shane
Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
Division in Anatomy & Development Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
Clin Anat. 2025 Mar;38(2):222-225. doi: 10.1002/ca.24258. Epub 2025 Jan 4.
Nowadays, consent to use donor bodies for medical education and research is obtained from the body donors and their families before the donation. Recently, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) published guidelines that could restrict the appearance of cadaveric images in commercial anatomical resources such as textbooks and other educational products. These guidelines state that the donor must expressly consent to using such images for this purpose. Cadaveric photos and drawings made from dissections of cadavers have been used in anatomy textbooks and atlases for hundreds of years. They are invaluable for anatomy students and clinical/surgical practitioners. The IFAA guidelines should not restrict the use of those older books; to do so would infringe the rights of those seeking knowledge from these resources. As the images in such textbooks and atlases are anonymized and are used for teaching and research, and the donors and their families are informed about this before the donation, we believe no additional consent is needed. It is impossible to separate educational from "commercial" usage entirely in any situation, e.g., publications from publishers and the use of cadavers in medical schools. Therefore, our best efforts to avoid unethical use of cadaveric images by following traditional consent processes are still needed so that more people will reap the benefits from them. As senior textbook/atlas authors/editors from over 10 countries, we believe that using cadaveric images in anatomy textbooks is appropriate, and no additional consent should be necessary. Such usage falls within the good faith of professionals using these invaluable gifts.
如今，在捐赠前会征得遗体捐赠者及其家属同意将捐赠遗体用于医学教育和研究。最近，国际解剖学家协会联合会（IFAA）发布了指导方针，可能会限制尸体图像在教科书和其他教育产品等商业解剖资源中的出现。这些指导方针规定，捐赠者必须明确同意将此类图像用于此目的。由尸体解剖制作的尸体照片和绘图已在解剖学教科书和图谱中使用了数百年。它们对解剖学学生和临床/外科从业者来说非常宝贵。IFAA的指导方针不应限制那些旧书籍的使用；否则将侵犯那些从这些资源中获取知识的人的权利。由于此类教科书和图谱中的图像已匿名化并用于教学和研究，并且在捐赠前已告知捐赠者及其家属这一情况，我们认为无需额外征得同意。在任何情况下，例如出版商的出版物以及医学院校使用尸体，都不可能将教育用途与“商业”用途完全分开。因此，我们仍需尽最大努力遵循传统的同意程序，以避免不道德地使用尸体图像，以便更多人能从中受益。作为来自10多个国家的资深教科书/图谱作者/编辑，我们认为在解剖学教科书中使用尸体图像是合适的，无需额外征得同意。这种使用属于专业人员善意使用这些宝贵馈赠的范畴。
