Brazys Ernestas, Ratautaite Vilma, Mohsenzadeh Enayat, Boguzaite Raimonda, Ramanaviciute Agne, Ramanavicius Arunas
Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2025 Mar;337:103386. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103386. Epub 2024 Dec 24.
The key step in the entire molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) preparation process is the formation of the complementary cavities in the polymer matrix through the template removal process. The template is removed using chemical treatments, leaving behind selective binding sites for target molecules within the polymer matrix. Other MIP preparation steps include mixing monomers and template molecules in the appropriate solvent(s), monomer-template complex equilibration, and polymerisation of the monomers around the template. However, template removal is the most important among all the preparation steps because the final structure, which can be accepted and recognised as the MIP, is obtained only after the template removal. A thorough analysis of the studies dedicated to MIP applications demonstrates that this MIP preparation step, namely the template removal, is relatively understudied. MIP template removal is especially challenging in the synthesis, where the molecular template is a macromolecule such as a protein. This review aims to provide a deliberate, systematic, and consistent overview of protein removal as the MIP template molecules. The most prevalent template removal methods are outlined for removing protein templates from electrochemically synthesised MIPs, particularly thin layers on electrodes used in electrochemical sensors. Five protein template removal approaches involving chemical treatment are highlighted, which include the utilisation of (i) chaotropic agents, (ii) salt, (iii) acidic cleavage, (iv) alkaline, and finally, (v) proteolytic treatment focusing on studies conducted over the past decade. In addition, we discuss the interactions driving the removal of protein templates in each approach and associated challenges. This review provides insights into MIPs protein template removal strategies while highlighting the prevalent issue of this understudied step of template removal.
在整个分子印迹聚合物（MIP）制备过程中的关键步骤是通过模板去除过程在聚合物基质中形成互补腔。使用化学处理去除模板，在聚合物基质中留下目标分子的选择性结合位点。其他MIP制备步骤包括在适当的溶剂中混合单体和模板分子、单体 - 模板复合物平衡以及围绕模板的单体聚合。然而，模板去除是所有制备步骤中最重要的，因为只有在模板去除后才能获得可被接受并识别为MIP的最终结构。对致力于MIP应用的研究进行的全面分析表明，这个MIP制备步骤，即模板去除，相对研究较少。在分子模板是蛋白质等大分子的合成中，MIP模板去除尤其具有挑战性。本综述旨在对作为MIP模板分子的蛋白质去除进行深思熟虑、系统且一致的概述。概述了从电化学合成的MIP中去除蛋白质模板的最普遍方法，特别是用于电化学传感器的电极上的薄层。重点介绍了五种涉及化学处理去除蛋白质模板的方法，其中包括利用（i）离液剂、（ii）盐、（iii）酸解、（iv）碱解，最后是（v）蛋白水解处理，重点关注过去十年进行的研究。此外，我们讨论了每种方法中驱动蛋白质模板去除的相互作用以及相关挑战。本综述深入探讨了MIP蛋白质模板去除策略，同时突出了这一研究较少的模板去除步骤中普遍存在 的问题。
