Arrestin-independent internalization of the GLP-1 receptor is facilitated by a GRK, clathrin, and caveolae-dependent mechanism.

The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) plays an important role in regulating insulin secretion and reducing body weight, making it a prominent target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Extensive research on GLP-1R signaling has provided insights into the connection between receptor function and physiological outcomes, such as the correlation between Gs signaling and insulin secretion, yet the exact mechanisms regulating signaling remain unclear. Here, we explore the internalization pathway of GLP-1R, which is crucial for controlling insulin release and maintaining pancreatic beta-cell function. Utilizing a reliable and sensitive time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) internalization assay, combined with HEK293-derived knockout cell lines, we were able to directly compare the involvement of different endocytic machinery in GLP-1R internalization. Our findings indicate that the receptor internalizes independently of arrestin and is dependent on Gs and Gi/o activation and G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation. Mechanistically, we observed that the receptor undergoes distinct clathrin- and caveolae-mediated internalization in HEK293 cells. This study also investigated the role of arrestins in GLP-1R function and regulation. These insights into key endocytic components that are involved in the GLP-1R internalization pathway could enhance the rational design of GLP-1R therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and other GLP-1R-related diseases.