Control of Two Solid Electrolyte Interphases at the Negative Electrode of an Anode-Free All Solid-State Battery based on Argyrodite Electrolyte.

Anode-free all solid-state batteries (AF-ASSBs) employ "empty" current collector with three active interfaces that determine electrochemical stability; lithium metal - Solid electrolyte (SE) interphase (SEI-1), lithium - current collector interface, and collector - SE interphase (SEI-2). Argyrodite LiPSCl (LPSCl) solid electrolyte (SE) displays SEI-2 containing copper sulfides, formed even at open circuit. Bilayer of 140 nm magnesium/30 nm tungsten (Mg/W-Cu) controls the three interfaces and allows for state-of-the-art electrochemical performance in half-cells and fullcells. AF-ASSB with NMC811 cathode achieves 150 cycles with Coulombic efficiency (CE) above 99.8%. With high mass-loading cathode (8.6 mAh cm), AF-ASSB retains 86.5% capacity after 45 cycles at 0.2C. During electrodeposition of Li, gradient Li-Mg solid solution is formed, which reverses upon electrodissolution. This promotes conformal wetting/dewetting by Li and stabilizes SEI-1 by lowering thermodynamic driving force for SE reduction. Inert refractory W underlayer is required to prevent ongoing formation of SEI-2 that also drives electrochemical degradation. Inert Mo and Nb layers likewise protect Cu from corroding, while Li-alloying layers (Mg, Sn) are less effective due to ongoing volume changes and associated pulverization. Mechanistic explanation for observed Li segregation within alloying LiMg layer is provided through mesoscale modelling, considering opposing roles of diffusivity differences and interfacial stresses.