Bergapten Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Ferroptosis.

Renal fibrosis is the most common pathway for the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in various kidney diseases. Currently, the treatment options for renal fibrosis are limited. Ferroptosis is iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, triggered mainly by iron deposition and ROS generation. Notably, the kidney is the most sensitive of all tissues to iron-dependent ferroptosis, and the inhibition of ferroptosis is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of kidney fibrosis. Nonetheless, the pathways involved in ferroptosis in renal fibrosis are still unclear. Bergapten, a natural coumarin derivative, is mainly found in bergapten essential oil, grapefruit juice, and other commonly used plants, and it has various pharmacological effects. However, the role that ferroptosis plays in renal fibrosis and the potential therapeutic benefits of bergapten remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of bergapten on renal fibrosis and its mechanisms. We investigated the anti-fibrotic effects of bergapten in in vivo and in vitro models of renal fibrosis. Initially, network pharmacological analysis was employed to predict the potential therapeutic impact of bergapten on renal fibrosis. We then explored the potential therapeutic role of bergapten in obstructive nephropathy, which is due to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Furthermore, RNA-Seq was conducted to investigate the possible mechanism of bergapten against renal fibrosis. Additionally, Bergapten demonstrated a significant improvement in TGF-β1-induced fibrosis and RSL3-induced renal tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis; these findings are consistent with those of the in vivo studies. Our findings indicate that bergapten is a potential treatment for renal fibrosis. Treatment with bergapten significantly reduced the expression of fibronectin and α-SMA in the damaged kidneys of UUO mice, thereby improving fibrosis. Meanwhile, bergapten protected against fibrosis caused by TGF-β1 and ferroptosis induced by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor RSL3. Significantly, bergapten therapy alleviated renal fibrosis by modulating ferroptosis. We found that bergapten inhibited PI3K phosphorylation and indirectly restored GPX4 expression. In conclusion, we have revealed the nephroprotective effect of bergapten, whose mechanism of action is related to the inhibition of ferroptosis, and it is expected that it will be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of renal fibrosis. This study aims to explore the effect of bergapten on renal fibrosis ferroptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that bergapten is an inhibitor of ferroptosis and provides a new treatment strategy for diseases associated with ferroptosis.