Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), its additives, microplastic and human health: Unresolved and emerging issues.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a commonly used plastic across Europe, poses a number of risks at various stages of its life cycle. The carcinogenicity of PVC monomer, the need to use high number and volume of problematic additives, the easiness of fragmentation compared to other thermoplastics, the high volume of use in everyday products and the resulting extent to which European population is potentially exposed to both microplastics and chemicals and, finally, continuous problems during waste management, have raised concerns about impacts of PVC on human health and the environment for decades. As far back as in 2000, the European Commission recognized that PVC causes a wide range of serious problems for the environment and human health. More recently, in April 2022, PVC and its additives were included in the European Union's Restrictions Roadmap, and the European Chemicals Agency's investigation ruled that, to limit the use of some additives and to minimize releases of PVC microparticles, regulatory action would be necessary. Additionally, the Global Plastics Treaty discussions emphasise a need to ensure that plastics that remain in the economy are free of hazardous chemicals, including hazardous polymers. In this paper, we reviewed the available data on PVC microplastic, additives, the end of life options of products made of PVC, and how they all are connected. It is crucial to consider this polymer within the broader context of chemical pollution and circular economy, acknowledging that changes in how we manage our resources are necessary to achieve the goal for a truly non-toxic environment in the future.