Vornic Ioana, Buciu Victor, Furau Cristian George, Zara Flavia, Novacescu Dorin, Barb Alina Cristina, Cumpanas Alin Adrian, Latcu Silviu Constantin, Sas Ioan, Serban Denis, Cut Talida Georgiana, Dumitru Cristina Stefania
Doctoral School, Department Medicine, "Vasile Goldiș" Western University of Arad, Liviu Rebreanu Street, No. 86, 310414 Arad, Romania.
Discipline of Gynecology, Department Medicine, Vasile Goldiş Western University, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, No. 86, 310414 Arad, Romania.
Biomedicines. 2024 Dec 20;12(12):2908. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12122908.
The placenta is a vital organ that supports fetal development by mediating nutrient and gas exchange, regulating immune tolerance, and maintaining hormonal balance. Its formation and function are tightly linked to the processes of embryo implantation and the establishment of a robust placental-uterine interface. Recent advances in molecular biology and histopathology have shed light on the key regulatory factors governing these processes, including trophoblast invasion, spiral artery remodeling, and the development of chorionic villi. This review integrates morphological and molecular perspectives on placental development, emphasizing the roles of cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways, such as VEGF and Notch signaling, in orchestrating implantation and placental formation. The intricate interplay between molecular regulation and morphological adaptations highlights the placenta's critical role as a dynamic interface in pregnancy. This review synthesizes current findings to offer clinicians and researchers a comprehensive understanding of the placenta's role in implantation, emphasizing its importance in maternal-fetal medicine. By integrating these insights, the review lays the groundwork for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that can enhance pregnancy outcomes and address related complications effectively.
胎盘是一个重要器官，通过介导营养物质和气体交换、调节免疫耐受以及维持激素平衡来支持胎儿发育。其形成和功能与胚胎着床过程以及稳固的胎盘 - 子宫界面的建立紧密相连。分子生物学和组织病理学的最新进展揭示了调控这些过程的关键调节因子，包括滋养层细胞侵袭、螺旋动脉重塑以及绒毛膜绒毛的发育。本综述整合了胎盘发育的形态学和分子学观点，强调了细胞因子、生长因子以及信号通路（如血管内皮生长因子和Notch信号通路）在协调着床和胎盘形成中的作用。分子调控与形态学适应之间的复杂相互作用凸显了胎盘作为孕期动态界面的关键作用。本综述综合了当前的研究结果，为临床医生和研究人员提供了对胎盘在着床过程中作用的全面理解，强调了其在母胎医学中的重要性。通过整合这些见解，本综述为推进诊断和治疗方法奠定了基础，这些方法可以改善妊娠结局并有效解决相关并发症。
