Scanu Anna, Maccarone Maria Chiara, Caldara Fabrizio, Regazzo Gianluca, Luisetto Roberto, Masiero Stefano
Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neuroscience-DNS, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
Pietro d'Abano Thermal Studies Center, Via Jappelli 5, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy.
Biomedicines. 2024 Dec 21;12(12):2917. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12122917.
: Although treatments using thermal water have yielded beneficial effects in respiratory tract infections, the effects of thermal water under experimental conditions similar to those triggered by SARS-CoV-2 have yet to be evaluated. This study aimed to assess whether thermal water could interfere with the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and influence inflammatory factors. : Human nasal epithelial primary cells (HNEpCs) were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the presence or absence of thermal water or tap water. Cell viability, cytokine concentration, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 levels, and ACE2 activity were determined in the cell cultures. : Exposure of HNEpCs to spike protein increased IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β production, with decreased production observed in the presence of thermal water at an optimal dose. Treatment of cells with tap water did not affect cytokine release in unstimulated or spike-stimulated cells. Spike-protein-stimulated HNEpCs showed reduced levels of ACE2, which were partially restored only in the presence of thermal water. Spike protein did not affect the TMPRSS2 levels of the cell lysates. Stimulation with spike protein induced an increase in the concentration of both receptors in the supernatants, while treatment with thermal water reduced TMPRSS2 levels in both the cells and supernatants. Stimulation with spike protein increased ACE2 activity, which was reduced with thermal water. : This study shows the regulatory effects of mineral-rich thermal water on spike-protein-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and the amount and activity of receptors mainly involved in viral entry, suggesting a potential use of this treatment as a support therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper respiratory tract.
虽然使用温泉水进行治疗已在呼吸道感染中产生有益效果，但在类似于由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引发的实验条件下温泉水的效果尚未得到评估。本研究旨在评估温泉水是否会干扰SARS-CoV-2与宿主细胞之间的相互作用并影响炎症因子。：在有或没有温泉水或自来水存在的情况下，用人鼻上皮原代细胞（HNEpCs）接受SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白刺激。在细胞培养物中测定细胞活力、细胞因子浓度、血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）和跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2（TMPRSS2）水平以及ACE2活性。：HNEpCs暴露于刺突蛋白会增加白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）的产生，在最佳剂量的温泉水存在下观察到产生减少。用自来水处理细胞对未刺激或刺突刺激的细胞中的细胞因子释放没有影响。刺突蛋白刺激的HNEpCs显示ACE2水平降低，仅在温泉水存在时部分恢复。刺突蛋白不影响细胞裂解物的TMPRSS2水平。用刺突蛋白刺激会导致上清液中两种受体的浓度增加，而用温泉水处理会降低细胞和上清液中的TMPRSS2水平。用刺突蛋白刺激会增加ACE2活性，而温泉水会降低其活性。：本研究显示了富含矿物质的温泉水对刺突蛋白诱导的促炎细胞因子产生以及主要参与病毒进入的受体的数量和活性的调节作用，表明这种治疗方法有可能作为上呼吸道SARS-CoV-2感染的支持性疗法。
