Gara Paweł, Wisła-Walsh Ewa, Bajda Tomasz
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Dec 12;17(24):6068. doi: 10.3390/ma17246068.
In the case of desulfurization and spheroization of cast iron using the in-mold method, in which the treated cast iron is poured into the reaction chamber and placed in the casting mold, the mineral raw material of the mold should support these processes. Therefore, it is important to know the physicochemical properties of the materials selected for the production of casting molds and to learn about the phenomena occurring during their pouring. The research presented in this paper was carried out on quartz, magnesite, chromite, and olivine sands. The results not only provide a comprehensive understanding of these materials but also have significant implications for reactor housing casting. Two of the three tested quartz sands meet all the standards, allowing quartz raw materials to be foundry sands. Marked by the authors of this work, P11 sand, which is classified as 1K grade by the seller, does not meet the requirements of the Polish standard PN-85/H-11001 for this grade and should be classified as 2K grade. At the same time, attention was drawn to relatively considerable weight losses at 1350 °C for the tested quartz raw materials. More significant losses on ignition were found for magnesite sand than the value permitted by the Polish standard, which should be associated with the fact that derivatographic tests were carried out in an oxidizing atmosphere. In the analysis made for olivine sand, the obtained data indicated that the magnesium content is slightly below the requirements of the relevant standard; on the contrary, the iron content exceeds the standard requirements. Analytical data obtained for chromite sand indicated that it meets the PN-91/H-11007 standard regarding chemical composition, but X-ray diffraction tests showed that the tested sample is not chromite but magnesiochromite. The results of grain size distribution, chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDS, and TG/TG presented in this paper show that before starting the production of a specific molding mixture, each time most of the parameters characterizing sand used should be controlled because the properties may differ from the manufacturer's declaration.
在采用型内法对铸铁进行脱硫和球化处理的情况下，即把经过处理的铸铁倒入反应室并置于铸模中，铸模的矿物原料应支持这些过程。因此，了解用于生产铸模的材料的物理化学性质以及了解浇注过程中发生的现象非常重要。本文所呈现的研究是针对石英砂、镁砂、铬铁矿砂和橄榄石砂进行的。研究结果不仅能让人全面了解这些材料，而且对反应器外壳铸造也具有重要意义。三种测试石英砂中有两种符合所有标准，这使得石英原料可作为铸造用砂。这项工作的作者指出，卖方归类为1K级的P11砂不符合波兰标准PN - 85/H - 11001对该等级的要求，应归类为2K级。同时，有人注意到测试的石英原料在1350℃时重量损失相对较大。发现镁砂的灼减量比波兰标准允许的值更大，这应该与在氧化气氛中进行衍生热重分析测试这一事实有关。在对橄榄石砂的分析中，所获得的数据表明镁含量略低于相关标准的要求；相反，铁含量超过了标准要求。对铬铁矿砂获得的分析数据表明，其化学成分符合PN - 91/H - 11007标准，但X射线衍射测试表明，测试样品不是铬铁矿，而是镁铬铁矿。本文给出的粒度分布、化学成分、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜/能谱分析以及热重/微商热重分析结果表明，在开始生产特定的造型混合料之前，每次都应控制表征所用型砂的大多数参数，因为其性能可能与制造商的声明有所不同。
