Wu Lin, Nie Yourongtian, Li Jinwei, Wu Junming, Shi Wei, Wu Yanfang, Jiang Yueguang
Research Center of Ancient Ceramic, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen 333001, China.
Jiangxi Ceramic Heritage Conservation and Imperial Kiln Research Collaborative Innovation Center, Jingdezhen 333001, China.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Dec 19;17(24):6221. doi: 10.3390/ma17246221.
The Guangyuan kiln, located in the Sichuan Province, Southwest China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.), is renowned for its high-temperature iron-series glazed wares, including pure black glazed ware, hare's fur glazed ware, glossy brown glazed ware, and matte brown glazed ware. To elucidate the raw materials, processing techniques, and coloration mechanisms of these wares, multiple analytical experiments were employed to investigate chemical composition, microstructure, and the phase of Fe-bearing minerals. We found that glossy brown glazed ware has the highest FeO content in the glaze (7.67 wt% on average), while pure black glazed ware exhibits the lowest (4.84 wt% on average). Higher FeO content leads to more iron for Fe-bearing mineral crystallization and larger ε-FeO precipitation. Based on microscopic observations, pure black glazed ware has numerous 100-250 nm crystalline grains, while hare's fur glaze ware features dendritic crystal flowers (200-400 nm), which exhibited liquid-liquid phase separation within the glaze, suggesting localized phase separation inducing iron oxide crystallization. Glossy brown glazed ware contains well-developed ε-FeO crystals (25 µm), and matte brown glazed ware, with the highest CaO and total flux, has acicular anorthite crystals alongside ε-FeO crystals. In summary, the decorative effect of four different types of iron-series glazed wares is determined by their chemical composition, phase composition, and microscopic structure. The findings offer valuable insights for the study of ancient iron-glazed ware.
广元窑位于中国西南部四川省，在宋代（公元960 - 1279年）时就已闻名，以其高温铁系釉陶而著称，包括纯黑釉陶、兔毫釉陶、油滴釉陶和茶叶末釉陶。为了阐明这些陶制品的原材料、加工工艺和呈色机理，采用了多种分析实验来研究其化学成分、微观结构和含铁矿物相。我们发现，油滴釉陶的釉中FeO含量最高（平均为7.67 wt%），而纯黑釉陶的含量最低（平均为4.84 wt%）。较高的FeO含量会导致更多的铁用于含铁矿物结晶，并且ε - FeO析出量更大。基于显微镜观察，纯黑釉陶有许多100 - 250纳米的晶粒，而兔毫釉陶具有树枝状晶花（200 - 400纳米），这表明釉内发生了液 - 液相分离，表明局部相分离诱导了氧化铁结晶。油滴釉陶含有发育良好的ε - FeO晶体（25微米），而氧化钙和总熔剂含量最高的茶叶末釉陶除了ε - FeO晶体外还有针状钙长石晶体。总之，四种不同类型的铁系釉陶的装饰效果由其化学成分、相组成和微观结构决定。这些发现为古代铁釉陶的研究提供了有价值的见解。
