Machado Louise Oliveira Ramos, de Cássia Franco Rêgo Rita, Northcross Amanda Laura, Meyer Armando, da Silva Rezende Mota Luize, da Silva Charlene, Gomes de Jesus Lino Paulo, da Costa Lilia Carolina Carneiro, de Kikuchi Ruy Kenji Papa, Lima Verônica Maria Cadena
Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
J Agromedicine. 2025 Apr;30(2):250-262. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2024.2447908. Epub 2025 Jan 8.
In 2019/2020, the Brazilian coast was affected by the largest oil spill disaster affecting the extent of the coastline recorded in tropical oceans. The impact on fishing areas and the prohibition of seafood sales and consumption exacerbated small-scale fishers' vulnerability. The small-scale fishers (SSFs) were the most active in protecting fishing territories, carrying out cleanup efforts without adequate personal protective equipment. Following the disaster, they suffered significant economic losses, compromising food security, including consuming potentially unsafe seafood. About 5000 tons of oil residues were collected, mainly by artisanal fishers. This study aimed to describe and identify levels of exposure to oil spills in the artisanal fishers, the population affected by the disaster on the Brazilian coast.
This epidemiological cross-sectional study used a questionnaire containing 325 questions, administered to 959 artisanal fishers living in areas affected by the spill. The graded response model of the Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to classify the artisanal fishers regarding their level of exposure.
The model identified three levels of exposure: low (17.5%), medium (19.8%), and high (7.6%) in oil removal and fishing activities.
This study demonstrated that SSFs residing in areas affected by the oil spill showed different levels of oil exposure during oil removal activities and fishing/shellfishing activities. The results highlight the need for environmental monitoring of fishing territories, prioritizing these populations in disaster preparedness training, and including social, health, and labor assistance policies during and after oil spill disasters. This study contributes to planning integrated solutions for small-scale fishing programs.
2019年至2020年期间，巴西海岸遭受了热带海洋有记录以来影响海岸线范围最大的石油泄漏灾难。对捕鱼区域的影响以及海鲜销售和消费的禁令加剧了小规模渔民的脆弱性。小规模渔民在保护捕鱼区域方面最为积极，在没有足够个人防护装备的情况下开展清理工作。灾难发生后，他们遭受了重大经济损失，危及粮食安全，包括消费可能不安全的海鲜。大约5000吨油污残留物被收集起来，主要是由个体渔民完成的。本研究旨在描述和识别个体渔民（巴西海岸受灾难影响的人群）接触石油泄漏的程度。
这项横断面流行病学研究使用了一份包含325个问题的问卷，对居住在受泄漏影响地区的959名个体渔民进行了调查。采用项目反应理论（IRT）的分级反应模型对个体渔民的接触水平进行分类。
该模型确定了三个接触水平：在油污清理和捕鱼活动中，低接触水平（17.5%）、中等接触水平（19.8%）和高接触水平（7.6%）。
本研究表明，居住在受石油泄漏影响地区的小规模渔民在油污清理活动和捕鱼/贝类捕捞活动中表现出不同程度的石油接触。研究结果凸显了对捕鱼区域进行环境监测的必要性，在备灾培训中优先考虑这些人群，并在石油泄漏灾难期间及之后纳入社会、健康和劳动援助政策。本研究有助于为小规模渔业项目规划综合解决方案。
