Microplastics in commercial marine bivalves: Abundance, characterization and main effects of single and combined exposure.

Microplastics (MPs) are persistent and ubiquitous pollutants in marine ecosystems, and they can be ingested and accumulated by marine organisms with economic value to humans, such as marine bivalves, which may pose a threat to the marine food chains and to human health. In this literature review, we summarized the recent findings on the abundance and main characteristics (shape, size, color, polymer) of MPs detected in valuable marine bivalve species. Furthermore, we surveyed the major impacts triggered by MP exposure, alone or in combination with other pollutants, in these organisms. Additionally, we discussed the methodologies, techniques and equipment commonly used by researchers for the determination of the abundance, characterization and effects of the MP particles in these organisms. We verified that MPs have been widely detected in multiple species of commercial marine bivalves, with a great variety of shapes, sizes, colors and polymer types. In general, the methodologies used by researchers to determine the MP abundance in marine bivalves need to be harmonized to facilitate the comparability between studies. So far, previous research showed that the main effects of MPs, either alone or combined with other pollutants, on commercial marine bivalves include the induction of immunological, physiological and behavioral responses, reproductive modifications, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity, which were surveyed by using a wide variety of techniques and analytical equipment. In the future, researchers should focus on less studied bivalve species and should use the most precise and innovative methodologies to assess the effects of MPs and other pollutants on marine bivalves.