Peramaiyan Rajendran, Anthony Josephine, Varalakshmi Sureka, Sekar Ashok Kumar, Ali Enas M, A Al Hashedi Sallah, Abdallah Basem M
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
Int J Med Sci. 2025 Jan 1;22(2):240-251. doi: 10.7150/ijms.103260. eCollection 2025.
The outbreak of COVID-19 has opened up new avenues for exploring the importance of vitamin D in immunity, in addition to its role in calcium absorption. Recently, vitamin D supplementation has been found to enhance T regulatory lymphocytes, which are reduced in individuals with COVID-19. Increased risk of pneumonia and increases in inflammatory cytokines have been reported to be major threats associated with vitamin-D deficiency. Although vaccination reduces the threat of COVID-19 to a certain extent, herd immunity is the long-term solution to overcoming such diseases. Co-administration of vitamin D with certain inactivated vaccines has been reported to enhance the systemic immune response through stimulation of the production of antigen-specific mucosal immunity. COVID-19 was found to induce multiple organ damage, and vitamin D has a beneficial role in various organs, such as the intestines, pancreas, prostate, kidneys, liver, heart, brain, and immune cells. The consequences that occur after COVID-19 infection known as long COVID-19 are also a concern as they accumulate and target multiple organs, leading to immune dysregulation. The present review covers the overall role and impact of vitamin D and its deficiency for various organs in normal conditions and after COVID-19 infection, which is still a serious issue.
新冠疫情的爆发为探索维生素D在免疫方面的重要性开辟了新途径，此外它在钙吸收中也发挥作用。最近发现，补充维生素D可增强调节性T淋巴细胞，而新冠患者体内这种细胞数量会减少。据报道，肺炎风险增加以及炎症细胞因子增多是维生素D缺乏相关的主要威胁。虽然接种疫苗在一定程度上降低了新冠疫情的威胁，但群体免疫是战胜此类疾病的长期解决方案。据报道，维生素D与某些灭活疫苗联合使用可通过刺激抗原特异性黏膜免疫的产生来增强全身免疫反应。研究发现，新冠病毒会导致多器官损伤，而维生素D在肠道、胰腺、前列腺、肾脏、肝脏、心脏、大脑和免疫细胞等各种器官中都发挥着有益作用。新冠病毒感染后出现的被称为“长新冠”的后果也令人担忧，因为这些后果会累积并影响多个器官，导致免疫失调。本综述涵盖了维生素D及其缺乏在正常情况下以及新冠病毒感染后对各种器官的总体作用和影响，这仍是一个严重问题。
