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Hepatotoxicity in Cancer Immunotherapy: Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives.

作者信息

Savino Alberto, Rossi Alberto, Fagiuoli Stefano, Invernizzi Pietro, Gerussi Alessio, Viganò Mauro

机构信息

Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplantation Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.

出版信息

Cancers (Basel). 2024 Dec 29;17(1):76. doi: 10.3390/cancers17010076.


DOI:10.3390/cancers17010076
PMID:39796705
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11718971/
Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has positively impacted oncological treatments. Despite its effectiveness, immunotherapy is associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that can affect any organ, including the liver. Hepatotoxicity primarily manifests as immune-related hepatitis and, less frequently, cholangitis. Several risk factors, such as pre-existing autoimmune and liver diseases, the type of immunotherapy, and combination regimens, play a role in immune-related hepatotoxicity (irH), although reliable predictive markers or models are still lacking. The severity of irH ranges from mild to severe cases, up to, in rare instances, acute liver failure. Management strategies require regular monitoring for early diagnosis and interventions, encompassing strict monitoring for mild cases to the permanent suspension of immunotherapy for severe forms. Corticosteroids are the backbone of treatment in moderate and high-grade damage, alone or in combination with additional immunosuppressive drugs for resistant or refractory cases. Given the relatively low number of events and the lack of dedicated prospective studies, much uncertainty remains about the optimal management of irH, especially in the most severe cases. This review presents the main features of irH, focusing on injury patterns and mechanisms, and provides an overview of the management landscape, from standard care to the latest evidence.

摘要
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b6e4/11718971/ac145261fef4/cancers-17-00076-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b6e4/11718971/ac145261fef4/cancers-17-00076-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b6e4/11718971/ac145261fef4/cancers-17-00076-g001.jpg

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[1]
Hepatotoxicity in Cancer Immunotherapy: Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives.

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[2]
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[3]
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[4]
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[6]
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引用本文的文献

[1]
Clinical features and risk factors of immune-mediated liver injury in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Front Oncol. 2025-8-13

[2]
Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Biopsychosocial Challenges and the Transition from Survival to Quality of Life.

Children (Basel). 2025-7-25

本文引用的文献

[1]
Steroid-refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) hepatitis and ICI rechallenge: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hepatol Commun. 2024-10-1

[2]
Methods for causality assessment of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.

Liver Int. 2025-3

[3]
Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Imaging-Based Review.

Cancers (Basel). 2024-7-19

[4]
Current Trends and Innovative Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy.

AAPS PharmSciTech. 2024-7-24

[5]
Infliximab in steroid-refractory immune-related hepatitis does not demonstrate hepatotoxicity and may shorten time on steroids.

J Immunother Cancer. 2024-7-5

[6]
Management and treatment of severe immune-related hepatotoxicity based on clinical and pathological characteristics.

Hepatol Int. 2024-12

[7]
Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants for immune-related adverse events and checkpoint inhibitor effectiveness in melanoma.

Eur J Cancer. 2024-8

[8]
Checkpoint Inhibitor Induced Acute Liver Failure.

J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2024

[9]
Immune-related adverse events and their effects on survival outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Oncol. 2024-6-3

[10]
Studying Outcomes after Steroid-Sparing Immunosuppressive Agent vs. Steroid-Only Treatment for Immune-Related Adverse Events in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Melanoma: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Cancers (Basel). 2024-5-16

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