Boeckman Nathanial J, Borba Matheus Correa, Bernal Valentina Valencia, Khodadadi Fatemeh, Jurick Wayne M, Aćimović Srđan G
Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, Virginia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
Mol Plant Pathol. 2025 Jan;26(1):e70050. doi: 10.1111/mpp.70050.
Apple bitter rot is caused by various Colletotrichum spp. that threaten apple production globally resulting in millions of dollars in damage annually. The fungus causes a decline in fruit quality and yield, eventually rotting the fruit and rendering it inedible. The pathogen is difficult to keep out of orchards because of its broad host range and transmissibility by rain splash and insects. Once the disease manifests, pathogen identification is difficult due to evolving taxonomy and similar morphology between species. Current management strategies are threatened by an increase in fungicide resistance and regulations on many multisite fungicides, leading to a pressing need for new management options for control. This review aims to summarise the most current knowledge regarding the biology, virulence factors, ecology, omics and emerging management strategies for Colletotrichum species that cause apple bitter rot.
Colletotrichum species-Domain Eukaryota, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Sordariomycetes, Order Glomerellales, Family Glomerellaceae, Genus Colletotrichum.
Hemibiotrophic pathogen with a wide host range that establishes a biotrophic interaction where it penetrates host plants using appressoria followed by a switch to necrotrophy causing rot symptoms.
Cercosporin, colletotrichins, colletotric acid, ferricrocin.
The host range varies by species but largely occurs on dicotyledonous plants and is less prevalent on monocots as well as gymnosperms, ferns, mosses and animals (e.g., insects).
Symptoms often manifest as flat to sunken necrotic areas on fruit. Lesions on leaves and fruit can have concentric rings with abundant pathogen sporulation.
Colletotrichum spp. are primarily managed by single-site quinone outside inhibitor (Qol), methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and multisite dithiocarbamate and phthalimide fungicides. Susceptibility may vary with species, strain specificity, or geographic region. Other management options include clean stock production, cultural practices, resistance breeding, and biological control through the introduction of protective or competing microorganisms.
苹果炭疽病由多种炭疽菌引起，这些病菌威胁着全球苹果生产，每年造成数百万美元的损失。这种真菌会导致果实品质和产量下降，最终使果实腐烂而无法食用。由于其寄主范围广泛，且可通过雨水飞溅和昆虫传播，病原体很难被阻挡在果园之外。一旦病害显现，由于分类学的不断演变以及物种间相似的形态，病原体鉴定就变得困难。当前的管理策略受到杀菌剂抗性增加以及许多多位点杀菌剂法规的威胁，因此迫切需要新的防治管理方法。本综述旨在总结关于引起苹果炭疽病的炭疽菌物种的生物学、毒力因子、生态学、组学及新兴管理策略的最新知识。
炭疽菌物种 - 真核生物域、真菌界、子囊菌门、粪壳菌纲、球壳孢目、球壳孢科、炭疽菌属。
半活体营养型病原体，寄主范围广泛，建立生物营养型相互作用，通过附着胞穿透寄主植物，随后转变为坏死营养型，引发腐烂症状。
尾孢菌素、炭疽菌素、炭疽酸、铁载体菌素。
寄主范围因物种而异，但主要发生在双子叶植物上，在单子叶植物以及裸子植物、蕨类植物、苔藓和动物（如昆虫）上不太常见。
症状通常表现为果实上扁平至凹陷的坏死区域。叶片和果实上的病斑可具有同心环，并有大量病原体孢子形成。
炭疽菌主要通过单位点醌外抑制剂（Qol）、甲基苯并咪唑氨基甲酸盐（MBC）、脱甲基化抑制剂（DMI）杀菌剂以及多位点二硫代氨基甲酸盐和邻苯二甲酰亚胺杀菌剂进行管理。敏感性可能因物种、菌株特异性或地理区域而异。其他管理选项包括无病种苗生产、栽培措施、抗性育种以及通过引入保护性或竞争性微生物进行生物防治。
