Dietary Shifts Among the Developmental Stages of the Ectoparasite, (Crustacea; Branchiura), Mirror Ontogeny as Shown Through Differences in Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon (δC) and Nitrogen (δN).

Food web architecture and trophic interactions between organisms can be studied using ratios of naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon (C/C) and nitrogen (N/N). Most studies, however, focused on free-living organisms, but recently, there has been growing interest in understanding trophic interactions of parasites. The crustacean ectoparasite is a well-studied parasite of freshwater teleost fish, which has low host specificity and a cosmopolitan distribution. Little is known about the trophic interactions between various developmental stages of this parasite and its host. This study compares stable isotope ratios of carbon (δC) and nitrogen (δN) among developmental stages of . It was hypothesised firstly that stable isotopes would vary among the developmental stages of the parasite with differences matching ontogenetic development of the parasite. Secondly, fractionation patterns among developmental stages would relate to different fish tissues and particles, such as algae, ingested by the parasite. Goldfish, , were infected with and different developmental stages of the parasite were isolated and prepared for stable isotope analysis. Differences in stable isotope enrichment correlated with the ontogenetic development of the parasite. In adult parasites, δN was higher than in the host's tissues, whereas stage two larvae showed the lowest δN values. Infection by alters δC ratios between infected and uninfected hosts, where the latter group showed lower δC compared to uninfected hosts. Source contribution comparison showed that algae was not incorporated into the diet of and tissues of the host served as the only dietary source of nourishment. These results further suggest that the diet of the parasite is mixed and correlates to the ontogenetic development of .