Smith Frederica, Woldeyohannes Meseret, Lusigi Millicent, Samson Kaitlyn L I, Mureverwi Blessing Tapera, Gazarwa Dorothy, Mohmand Naser, Theuri Terry, Leidman Eva
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
PLoS One. 2025 Jan 13;20(1):e0313319. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313319. eCollection 2025.
Annual surveys of refugees in Gambella, Ethiopia suggest that anemia is a persistent public health problem among non-pregnant women of reproductive age (NP-WRA, 15-49 years). Measurement of anemia in most refugee camp settings is conducted using an invasive HemoCue 301. We assessed the accuracy and precision of a non-invasive, pulse CO-oximeter in measuring anemia among NP-WRA in four Gambella refugee camps. We conducted a population-representative household survey between November 7 and December 4, 2022. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was measured by HemoCue 301, using capillary blood, and Rad-67, a novel non-invasive device. We collected four measurements per participant: two per device. We calculated Rad-67 bias and precision of Hb measurements and sensitivity and specificity of detecting anemia. Of the 812 NP-WRAs selected, 807 (99%) participated in the study. Anemia was detected in 39% of NP-WRA as classified by the Rad-67 compared with 47% of NP-WRA as classified by the HemoCue 301. Average bias of Rad-67 measurements was 1.1 ± 1.0 SD g/dL, using HemoCue 301 as a comparator. Absolute mean difference between the first and second measurements was 0.9 g/dL (95% CI 0.8, 0.9) using the Rad-67, compared with 0.6 g/dL (95% CI 0.5, 0.6) using the HemoCue 301. The Rad-67 had 49% sensitivity and 70% specificity for detecting anemia, compared with the HemoCue 301. The Rad-67 can be a useful tool for anemia screening; however, lower accuracy and precision, and poor sensitivity suggest it cannot immediately replace the HemoCue 301 in the study area.
对埃塞俄比亚甘贝拉地区难民的年度调查表明，贫血是育龄非孕妇（15 - 49岁）中持续存在的公共卫生问题。在大多数难民营环境中，贫血的测量是使用侵入性的HemoCue 301进行的。我们评估了一种非侵入性脉搏碳氧血红蛋白仪在四个甘贝拉难民营中测量育龄非孕妇贫血情况的准确性和精密度。我们在2022年11月7日至12月4日期间进行了一项具有人群代表性的家庭调查。使用HemoCue 301通过毛细血管血测量血红蛋白（Hb）浓度，并使用一种新型非侵入性设备Rad - 67进行测量。我们为每位参与者收集了四次测量数据：每种设备各两次。我们计算了Rad - 67测量Hb的偏差和精密度以及检测贫血的灵敏度和特异性。在所选的812名育龄非孕妇中，807人（99%）参与了研究。根据Rad - 67分类，39%的育龄非孕妇检测出贫血，而根据HemoCue 301分类，这一比例为47%。以HemoCue 301作为对照，Rad - 67测量的平均偏差为1.1±1.0标准差g/dL。使用Rad - 67时，第一次和第二次测量之间的绝对平均差异为0.9 g/dL（95%置信区间0.8，0.9），而使用HemoCue 301时为0.6 g/dL（95%置信区间0.5，0.6）。与HemoCue 301相比，Rad - 67检测贫血的灵敏度为49%，特异性为70%。Rad - 67可以作为贫血筛查的有用工具；然而，较低的准确性和精密度以及较差的灵敏度表明，在研究区域它不能立即取代HemoCue 301。
