Chickpea displays a temporal growth response to Mesorhizobium strains under well-watered and drought conditions.

The relative performance of rhizobial strains could depend on their resource allocation, environmental conditions, and host genotype. Here, we used a high-throughput shoot phenotyping to investigate the effects of Mesorhizobium strain on the growth dynamics, nodulation and bacteroid traits with four chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties grown under different water regimes in an experiment including four nitrogen sources (two Mesorhizobium strains, and two uninoculated controls: nitrogen fertilised and unfertilised) under well-watered and drought conditions. We asked three questions. Does the impact of rhizobial strains on chickpea growth change with well-watered versus drought conditions? Do Mesorhizobium strains differ in their ability to influence biomass and nodule traits of chickpea varieties under well-watered and drought conditions? Are bacteroid size and amount of polyhydroxybutyrate modified by Mesorhizobium strain, chickpea variety, water availability and their interactions? Under well-watered conditions, chickpea inoculated with CC1192 showed higher shoot growth rates than M075 and accumulated high plant biomass at harvest. Under drought conditions, however, the shoot growth rate was comparable between CC1192 and M075, with no significant difference in plant biomass and symbiotic effectiveness at harvest. Across sources of variation, plant biomass varied 3.0-fold, nodules per plant 3.9-fold, nodule dry weight 3.0-fold, symbiotic effectiveness 1.5-fold, bacteroid size 1.4-fold and bacteroid polyhydroxybutyrate 1.4-fold. Plant biomass was negatively correlated with both bacteroid size and allocation to polyhydroxybutyrate under well-watered conditions, suggesting a trade-off between plant and rhizobial fitness. This study demonstrates the need to reassess rhizobial strain effectiveness across diverse environments, recognising the dynamic nature of their interaction with host plants.