Alam Mohammad Shah, Maowa Zannatul, Hasan Mohammad Nazmol
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
Department of Statistics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Heliyon. 2024 Dec 18;11(1):e41277. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41277. eCollection 2025 Jan 15.
Phthalates, a large group of endocrine disruptors, are ubiquitous in the environment and detrimental to human health. This scoping review aimed to summarize the effects of phthalates on laboratory animals relevant to humans, assess toxicity, and analyze mechanisms of toxicity for public health concerns.
Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science search engines. The search used the term "toxicity of phthalates , animals or birds or fish." Original research articles published between 2010 and 2024 describing toxicity in rat, mouse, bird, and fish models, were included. Conversely, articles that did not meet the above criteria were excluded from this scoping review. Two authors independently extracted data using data extraction tools based on themes, while a third arbitrated if consensus was not met. A senior researcher developed the themes, which were further refined through discussions. Data analysis involved quantitative (percentage of studies) and qualitative (content analysis) methods.
Of the 8180 articles screened, 153 met the inclusion criteria. Most of them were published after 2015 (74.50 %). The scoping review showed that DEHP (56.20 %) and DBP (21.57 %) were the most studied phthalates followed by BBP, DiBP, DMP, DEP, BBOP, and DiNP. Scarce data were available on DnOP, DPHP, DPeP, DUDP, DTDP, DMiP, and DiOP. Interestingly, studies of combinations of two or more phthalates were also present. The main laboratory animals employed were rats (48.37 %) and mice (39.87 %), while the least studied were birds (5.22 %) and fish (6.53 %). Most studies related to testicular toxicity (37.60 %), hepatotoxicity (23.53 %), and ovarian toxicity (18.30 %) investigations, while the rest consisted of neurotoxicity (6.88 %), renal toxicity (6.53 %), and thyroid toxicity studies (4.57 %). Studies focused on oxidative stress (34.64 %), apoptosis (22.22 %), steroid hormone deprivation (20.26 %), lipid metabolism disorder (11.76 %), and immunotoxicity (5.88 %) as mechanisms of toxicity. The most commonly used techniques were H&E, RT-qPCR, ROS assay, WB, IHC, ELISA, RIA, TUNEL, TEM, IFM, FCM, and RNA-seq.
DEHP and DBP are the most toxic and studied phthalates, while BBP, DiNP, DiBP, DiDP, BBOP, DMP, and DiOP and their combinations require more accurate studies to confirm their toxic effects on human health and mechanisms of action. These will assist policymakers in adopting strategies to minimize public exposure and adverse effects.
邻苯二甲酸盐是一大类内分泌干扰物，在环境中广泛存在，对人类健康有害。本综述旨在总结邻苯二甲酸盐对与人类相关的实验动物的影响，评估其毒性，并分析其毒性机制，以关注公众健康。
从谷歌学术、PubMed、ScienceDirect和Web of Science搜索引擎中检索文章。检索词为“邻苯二甲酸盐对动物或鸟类或鱼类的毒性”。纳入2010年至2024年间发表的描述大鼠、小鼠、鸟类和鱼类模型中毒性的原创研究文章。相反，不符合上述标准的文章被排除在本综述之外。两位作者使用基于主题的数据提取工具独立提取数据，若未达成共识，则由第三位作者进行仲裁。一位资深研究人员制定主题，并通过讨论进一步完善。数据分析涉及定量（研究百分比）和定性（内容分析）方法。
在筛选的8180篇文章中，153篇符合纳入标准。其中大部分发表于2015年之后（74.50%）。综述显示，研究最多的邻苯二甲酸盐是DEHP（56.20%）和DBP（21.57%），其次是BBP、DiBP、DMP、DEP、BBOP和DiNP。关于DnOP、DPHP、DPeP、DUDP、DTDP、DMiP和DiOP的数据稀缺。有趣的是，也有关于两种或更多种邻苯二甲酸盐组合的研究。使用的主要实验动物是大鼠（48.37%）和小鼠（39.87%），而研究最少的是鸟类（5.22%）和鱼类（6.53%）。大多数研究与睾丸毒性（37.60%）、肝毒性（23.53%）和卵巢毒性（18.30%）研究相关，其余包括神经毒性（6.88%）、肾毒性（6.53%）和甲状腺毒性研究（4.57%）。研究重点关注氧化应激（34.64%）、细胞凋亡（22.22%）、类固醇激素缺乏（20.26%）、脂质代谢紊乱（11.76%）和免疫毒性（5.88%）作为毒性机制。最常用的技术是H&E、RT-qPCR、ROS测定、WB、IHC、ELISA、RIA、TUNEL、TEM、IFM、FCM和RNA测序。
DEHP和DBP是毒性最强且研究最多的邻苯二甲酸盐，而BBP、DiNP、DiBP、DiDP、BBOP、DMP和DiOP及其组合需要更准确的研究来证实它们对人类健康的毒性作用和作用机制。这些将有助于政策制定者采取策略，尽量减少公众接触和不良影响。
