Rheumatic Heart Disease Burden in Africa and the Need to Build Robust Infrastructure.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an important public health problem in Africa. Mapping the epidemiology of RHD involves elucidating its geographic distribution, temporal trends, and demographic characteristics. The prevalence of RHD in Africa varies widely, with estimates ranging from 2.9 to 30.4 per 1,000 population. Factors contributing to this burden include limited access to health care, poverty, lack of research interest, and genetic fragility. Studies have highlighted differences in group A Streptococcus (GAS) incidence among different African countries, emphasizing the importance of effective monitoring and intervention strategies. RHD epidemiological mapping in Africa indicates regional differences and socioeconomic determinants. The high prevalence among females in most studies and among children underscores the urgency for targeted interventions. Diagnosing RHD in Africa faces challenges of inaccessibility of health facilities and trained personnel. Efforts to develop cost-effective and accessible diagnostic tools, such as mobile/portable echocardiography machines, molecular biomarkers such as Tenascin-C and microRNA expression profile shows promise for accurate diagnosis of RHD, but their validation and utilization is limited due to resource constraints. Furthermore, lack of an effective licensed vaccine for GAS causes significant retardation in RHD control in Africa. Addressing the burden of RHD in Africa and other low- and middle-income countries requires robust RHD biomarkers and effective vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the landscape of RHD in Africa, covering the bacteriology of GAS, the burden of GAS infections, exploring diagnostic avenues, challenges, and opportunities in RHD biomarkers, diagnosis, effective prevention strategies, and RHD management in Africa.