Duku Godwin Armstrong, Bonso Nana Kobea, Appiah-Effah Eugene, Kunkuaboor Yenube Clement, Nouwati Emmanuel, Gyapong-Korsah Barbara, Acquah Ebenezer, Nyarko Kwabena Biritwum
Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
PLoS One. 2025 Jan 16;20(1):e0307729. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307729. eCollection 2025.
Access to safe sanitation facilities remains a critical public health concern, especially in rapidly urbanizing countries like Ghana. This study investigates the determinants of household toilet ownership among property owners in three urban districts in Ghana. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 1,256 property owners selected through a multi-stage stratified sampling procedure. Logistic regression analysis revealed that toilet ownership is significantly associated with the age and education level of property owners, community classification, building characteristics, and household income. Older property owners were more likely to own toilets (OR = 1.014 per year increase), as were those with higher education levels (OR = 1.752 for secondary, OR = 4.489 for tertiary education). Medium-class communities (OR = 2.013) completed buildings (OR = 2.625), and those constructed with sandcrete (OR = 12.755) were more likely to have toilets. Higher household income (OR = 1.00) correlated positively with toilet ownership. We conclude that enforcing building regulations requiring toilet facilities in all properties is crucial for improving sanitation in urban Ghana. Additionally, innovative sanitation financing interventions that subsidize the costs of sanitation facilities can be effective in addressing financial barriers and increasing household toilet ownership.
获得安全的卫生设施仍然是一个关键的公共卫生问题，特别是在像加纳这样快速城市化的国家。本研究调查了加纳三个城市地区业主家庭厕所拥有情况的决定因素。采用横断面调查设计，通过多阶段分层抽样程序从1256名业主中收集数据。逻辑回归分析表明，厕所拥有情况与业主的年龄、教育水平、社区分类、建筑特征和家庭收入显著相关。年龄较大的业主更有可能拥有厕所（每年增加的比值比为1.014），受过高等教育的业主也是如此（中等教育的比值比为1.752，高等教育的比值比为4.489）。中等阶层社区（比值比为2.013）、已建成的建筑（比值比为2.625）以及用砂混凝土建造的建筑（比值比为12.755）更有可能有厕所。较高的家庭收入（比值比为1.00）与厕所拥有情况呈正相关。我们得出结论，执行要求所有房产都配备厕所设施的建筑法规对于改善加纳城市的卫生状况至关重要。此外，补贴卫生设施成本的创新卫生融资干预措施可以有效解决资金障碍并增加家庭厕所拥有率。
