Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, non-specific intestinal disease of unknown etiology, with high incidence rates worldwide. At present, Western medicine treatments have been associated with more adverse effects and poor efficacy. Chinese medicine (CM) is commonly used as an adjuvant treatment for the unique advantages in regulating immune function, repairing intestinal mucosa, and alleviating intestinal inflammation. At the same time, network pharmacology is also providing new ideas and innovations about CM and development of new drugs. This review systematically discusses the progress of research regarding UC treatment using CM, with a main focus on intestinal flora balance, intestinal mucosal barrier, CM enema, acupuncture therapy, and acupoint embedding. This study provides new ideas that clarify the therapeutic targets of UC.