Kozjek Nada Rotovnik, Tonin Gašper, Gleeson Michael
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Slovenian Olympic Committee, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025 Apr;66:101-114. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.01.031. Epub 2025 Jan 17.
The immune system, sports injuries, physical activity and clinical sports nutrition are closely linked. Inadequate nutrition and intense stress in athletes increase the risk of immune dysfunction, injury and disease, while injury reduces the positive effects of physical activity, creating a vicious cycle affecting health and performance. Nutritional support is key to reducing the risk of injury, speeding up recovery and shortening rehabilitation. The intake of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fats and micronutrients should be adapted to the needs following injury. Quality nutrition is preferred over the use of dietary supplements, which are limited to cases of identified deficiencies (e.g. vitamin D or iron deficiencies). Health professionals with knowledge of clinical nutrition have a key role to play in injury prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, and nutritional interventions are an indispensable part of a holistic approach to athletes' health.
免疫系统、运动损伤、身体活动和临床运动营养密切相关。运动员营养不足和高强度压力会增加免疫功能障碍、受伤和患病的风险，而受伤会降低身体活动的积极效果，形成一个影响健康和表现的恶性循环。营养支持是降低受伤风险、加速恢复和缩短康复时间的关键。受伤后，能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪和微量营养素的摄入量应根据需求进行调整。优质营养优于使用膳食补充剂，膳食补充剂仅限于已确定缺乏的情况（如维生素D或铁缺乏）。具备临床营养知识的健康专业人员在损伤预防、治疗和康复中起着关键作用，营养干预是运动员健康整体方法中不可或缺的一部分。
