Moreno Luis
GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2025;81(Suppl 2):8-19. doi: 10.1159/000542373. Epub 2025 Jan 20.
Early infant feeding is essential for children's development and future health, particularly in preventing obesity, which is the most common nutrition-related disorder in children worldwide.
Obesity, characterized by excess body fat and numerous complications, arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility and an obesogenic environment, including lifestyle behaviors related to energy balance. Eating habits start to be shaped early in life, making the introduction of solid foods a critical period. Given the high prevalence of obesity, its long-term health consequences, and social implications, prevention is crucial. This narrative review aimed to identify factors related to the introduction of solid foods that influence obesity and suggest feeding strategies to prevent it. Tracking studies indicate that overweight and obesity during childhood often persist into adulthood, with associated complications such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Complementary feeding involves introducing solid foods besides breast milk or formula. The timing and content of complementary feeding are crucial in influencing obesity risk. Introduction of solid foods before 4 months is associated with higher BMI in childhood. The method of introducing complementary feeding, such as baby-led weaning, has been proposed to predict later obesity risk, though findings are currently inconclusive. Parental feeding practices and socioeconomic factors significantly influence complementary feeding and obesity risk. Early prevention programs, especially those involving parental education on responsive feeding and diet, are promising for reducing obesity risk. Future programs should incorporate parents' perceptions and motivations to improve intervention effectiveness.
早期婴儿喂养对儿童发育和未来健康至关重要，特别是在预防肥胖方面，肥胖是全球儿童中最常见的营养相关疾病。
肥胖以体内脂肪过多和众多并发症为特征，是由遗传易感性和致肥胖环境共同导致的，包括与能量平衡相关的生活方式行为。饮食习惯在生命早期就开始形成，因此引入固体食物是一个关键时期。鉴于肥胖的高患病率、其长期健康后果以及社会影响，预防至关重要。本叙述性综述旨在确定与引入固体食物相关的影响肥胖的因素，并提出预防肥胖的喂养策略。追踪研究表明，儿童期超重和肥胖往往会持续到成年期，并伴有高血糖、血脂异常、高血压和非酒精性脂肪性肝病等并发症。辅食添加是指除母乳或配方奶之外引入固体食物。辅食添加的时间和内容对影响肥胖风险至关重要。4个月前引入固体食物与儿童期较高的体重指数相关。尽管目前研究结果尚无定论，但已有人提出引入辅食的方法，如婴儿主导的断奶法，可预测日后的肥胖风险。父母的喂养方式和社会经济因素会显著影响辅食添加和肥胖风险。早期预防项目，尤其是那些涉及对父母进行响应式喂养和饮食教育的项目，有望降低肥胖风险。未来的项目应纳入父母的认知和动机，以提高干预效果。
