Syphilitic bi-valvular endocarditis and myocarditis: modern tools applied to long-forgotten complications of a re-emerging disease.

The incidence of syphilis has increased steadily over the past 25 years. Undiagnosed cases have presumably increased in the same proportions, and rare complications are at particularly high risk of being unrecognised. A previously healthy 60-year-old man presented with rapidly progressive heart failure and severe aortic and mitral valve insufficiency, with direct valvular destruction and preservation of the aortic valve annulus and aortic root. Treponemal serology was reactive, with rapid plasma reagin titre of 1:128. The patient also had classic manifestations of tertiary syphilis: fusiform aneurysm of the aorta and meningovascular syphilis. He underwent bi-valvular and ascending aorta replacement, and the presence of Treponema pallidum was confirmed by specific immunohistochemistry and PCR in all tissues, including aortic and mitral valves, myocardium, and aorta. This case links T pallidum to infectious endocarditis with severe damage to both aortic and mitral valves, in addition to confirmed syphilitic myocarditis, a long-forgotten complication. It occurred 4 years after probable infection, long before what would be expected according to current understanding of its natural history. Syphilis serology should be considered in patients with culture-negative endocarditis as well as in those with heart failure or arrhythmias of unclear cause, especially in the presence of risk factors for syphilis. Syphilitic endocarditis and myocarditis are potentially lethal but treatable conditions.