When neck lymph nodes metastases do not origin from a head and neck unknown primary.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The evidence for a standardized approach to the management of cervical metastasis from a distant primary tumour is limited. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current status of research in this field and to present the latest diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

RECENT FINDINGS

Although infraclavicular tumours are typically observed to metastasise to levels IV and V of the neck, all levels may potentially be affected. In conjunction with imaging and immunohistochemical analyses, next-generation sequencing and artificial intelligence-based tools are emerging as potential methods for identifying the primary tumour. Cervical metastasis can be classified as N3 or M1 in accordance with the histology and site of the primary tumour. A neck dissection + adjuvant chemoradiotherapy may prove beneficial in selected patients with breast, nonsmall cell lung, renal cell, oesophageal and testicular cancers, resulting in improved survival rates.

SUMMARY

The diagnosis and subsequent treatment of such cases requires the input of a multidisciplinary team, as the condition is often complex and requires a multifaceted approach. Isolated supraclavicular metastases should prompt the clinician to investigate a distant primary. In select patients with some types of primary tumours, surgical treatment of the neck may improve the prognosis. It is, therefore, essential to control the primary tumour in order to optimize the success of the overall treatment plan.