Sarkar Tumpa, Gogoi Niva Rani, Jana Bani Kumar, Mazumder Bhaskar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India.
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2025 Apr;41(3):101-130. doi: 10.1089/jop.2024.0153. Epub 2025 Jan 23.
Posterior segment ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vein occlusion, are leading causes of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Effective management of these conditions remains a formidable challenge due to the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye, including the blood-retinal barrier and rapid drug clearance mechanisms. To address these hurdles, nanostructured drug delivery systems are proposed to overcome ocular barriers, target the retina, and enhance permeation while ensuring controlled release. Traditional therapeutic approaches, such as intravitreal injections, pose significant drawbacks, including patient discomfort, poor compliance, and potential complications. Therefore, understanding the physiology and clearance mechanism of eye could aid in the design of novel formulations that could be noninvasive and deliver drugs to reach the target site is pivotal for effective treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent advances in formulation strategies for posterior segment ocular drug delivery, highlighting their potential to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, the potential of nanocarrier systems such as gel, niosomes, hydrogels, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions for drug delivery more effectively and selectively is explored, and supplemented with illustrative examples, figures, and tables. This review aims to provide insights into the current state of posterior segment drug delivery, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to develop patient-centric, minimally invasive, and effective therapeutic solutions.
眼部后段疾病，如糖尿病视网膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑变性和视网膜静脉阻塞，是全球视力损害和失明的主要原因。由于眼睛独特的解剖和生理屏障，包括血视网膜屏障和快速的药物清除机制，对这些疾病进行有效管理仍然是一项艰巨的挑战。为了克服这些障碍，人们提出了纳米结构药物递送系统，以克服眼部屏障、靶向视网膜、增强渗透并确保控释。传统的治疗方法，如玻璃体内注射，存在显著缺点，包括患者不适、依从性差和潜在并发症。因此，了解眼睛的生理学和清除机制有助于设计出无创且能将药物送达靶部位的新型制剂，这对于有效的治疗策略至关重要。本综述重点关注眼部后段药物递送制剂策略的最新进展，突出其克服这些局限性的潜力。此外，还探讨了凝胶、非离子型表面活性剂囊泡、水凝胶、树枝状大分子、脂质体、纳米颗粒和纳米乳剂等纳米载体系统更有效、更有选择性地进行药物递送的潜力，并辅以示例、图表和表格。本综述旨在深入了解后段药物递送的现状，强调需要采用跨学科方法来开发以患者为中心、微创且有效的治疗方案。
