Ghoshal Bartika, Jhunjhunwala Siddharth
Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2025 Jan 22. doi: 10.1007/s13346-025-01789-w.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneously sized, cell-derived nanoparticles operating as proficient mediators of intercellular communication. They are produced by normal as well as diseased cells and carry a variety of cargo. While the molecular details of EV biology have been worked out over the past two decades, one question that continues to intrigue many is how are EVs able to evade the phagocytic immune cells while also being effectively internalized by the target cell or tissue. While some of the components that facilitate this process have started to be identified, many mechanisms are yet to be dissected. This review summarises some of the key mechanisms that cancer cell-derived and viral infected cell-derived EVs utilize to evade the immune system. It will discuss the diverse cloaking mechanisms, in the form of membrane proteins and cargo content that these EVs utilize to enhance pathogenesis. Further, it will highlight the different strategies that have been used to design EVs to escape the immune system, thereby increasing their circulation time with no major toxic effects in vivo. An understanding of the potential EV components that allow better immune evasion can be used to bioengineer EVs with better circulation times for therapeutic purposes.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是大小各异、源自细胞的纳米颗粒，作为细胞间通讯的有效介质发挥作用。它们由正常细胞和病变细胞产生，并携带多种物质。尽管在过去二十年中已经明确了细胞外囊泡生物学的分子细节，但一个仍然令许多人感兴趣的问题是，细胞外囊泡如何能够避开吞噬性免疫细胞，同时又能被靶细胞或组织有效内化。虽然已经开始确定一些促进这一过程的成分，但许多机制仍有待剖析。本综述总结了癌细胞衍生的和病毒感染细胞衍生的细胞外囊泡用于逃避免疫系统的一些关键机制。它将讨论这些细胞外囊泡利用膜蛋白和物质内容等多种伪装机制来增强发病机制的情况。此外，它将强调为设计细胞外囊泡以逃避免疫系统而采用的不同策略，从而增加其在体内的循环时间且无重大毒性作用。了解能够实现更好免疫逃逸的潜在细胞外囊泡成分，可用于生物工程改造具有更长循环时间的细胞外囊泡以用于治疗目的。
