Voxel Volumes and Biomass: Estimating Vegetation Volume and Litter Accumulation of Exotic Annual Grasses Using Automated Ultra-High-Resolution SfM and Advanced Classification Techniques.

In much of the northern Great Basin of the western United States, rangelands, and semi-arid ecosystems invaded by exotic annual grasses such as cheatgrass () and medusahead () are experiencing an increasingly short fire cycle, which is compounding and persistent. Improving and expanding ground-based field methods for measuring the above-ground biomass (AGB) may enable more sample collections across a landscape and over succession regimes and better harmonize with other remote sensing techniques. Developments and increased adoption of unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) and instrumentation for vegetation monitoring enable greater understanding of vegetation in many ecosystems. Research to understand the relationship of traditional field measurements with remotely sensed data in rangeland environments is growing rapidly, and there is increasing interest in the use of aerial platforms to quantify AGB and fine-fuel load at pasture and landscape scales. Our study uses relatively inexpensive handheld photography with custom quadrat sampling frames to collect and automatically reconstruct 3D models of the vegetation within 0.2 m quadrats ( = 288). Next, we examine the relationship between volumetric estimates of vegetation with biomass. We found that volumes calculated with 0.5 cm voxel sizes (0.125 cm) most closely represented the range of biomass weights. We further develop methods to classify ground points, finding a 2% reduction in predictive ability compared with validation ground surface reconstructions. This finding is significant given that our study site is characterized by a dense litter layer covering the ground surface, making reconstruction challenging. Overall, our best reconstruction workflow had an R of 0.42, further emphasizing the importance of high-resolution imagery and reconstruction techniques. Ultimately, we conclude that more work is needed of increasing extents (such as from UAS) to better understand and constrain uncertainties in volumetric estimations of biomass in ecosystems with high amounts of invasive annual grasses and fine-fuel litter.