Singh Lalit Kumar, Pandey Rashmi, Siddiqi Nikhat Jamal, Sharma Bechan
Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Haridwar 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
Toxics. 2025 Jan 2;13(1):32. doi: 10.3390/toxics13010032.
Phthalates are the emerging environmental toxicants derived from phthalic acid and its constituents, which are moderately present in plastics and many personal care products. Phthalate exposure occurs through various environmental factors, including air, water, and soil, with absorption facilitated via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Upon exposure, phthalates become bioavailable within the biological systems and undergo biotransformation and detoxification processes in the liver. The physicochemical properties of phthalates indicate their lipophilicity, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation potential, influencing their absorption, distribution, and hepatic biotransformation. The prolonged exposure to phthalates adversely influences the biological redox system by altering the levels of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, molecular signaling pathways, and causing hepatic pathogenesis. The strategies to combat phthalate-induced toxicity include avoiding exposure to these compounds and using plant-based bioactive molecules such as polyphenols, which possess therapeutic potential as antioxidants, suppress inflammatory cascades, prevent oxidative damage, and stabilize cellular integrity. This review presents a comprehensive and updated account of the chemical, biochemical, immunological, and toxicological properties of phthalates, along with novel plant-based therapeutic strategies to mitigate the phthalate-induced adverse effects on living systems.
邻苯二甲酸盐是由邻苯二甲酸及其成分衍生而来的新兴环境毒物，在塑料和许多个人护理产品中适度存在。邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露通过各种环境因素发生，包括空气、水和土壤，通过摄入、吸入和皮肤接触促进吸收。暴露后，邻苯二甲酸盐在生物系统中变得具有生物可利用性，并在肝脏中经历生物转化和解毒过程。邻苯二甲酸盐的物理化学性质表明其亲脂性、环境持久性和生物累积潜力，影响其吸收、分布和肝脏生物转化。长期接触邻苯二甲酸盐会通过改变酶促和非酶促抗氧化剂的水平、分子信号通路并导致肝脏发病机制，对生物氧化还原系统产生不利影响。对抗邻苯二甲酸盐诱导毒性的策略包括避免接触这些化合物，以及使用基于植物的生物活性分子，如多酚，这些分子具有作为抗氧化剂的治疗潜力，可抑制炎症级联反应、防止氧化损伤并稳定细胞完整性。本综述全面且更新地阐述了邻苯二甲酸盐的化学、生物化学、免疫学和毒理学特性，以及减轻邻苯二甲酸盐对生物系统不良影响的新型基于植物的治疗策略。
