Heilbrun A B, Pepe V
Br J Med Psychol. 1985 Mar;58(1):9-17. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1985.tb02609.x.
There is considerable disagreement regarding whether defences operate unconsciously, represent deliberate styles of coping with problems, or fall somewhere between. The present study considered the role of awareness in mediating the relation between defence and stress by establishing whether the conscious or unconscious nature of a given defence was associated with a distinct level of stress. The results for projection and rationalization confirmed the classical Freudian version of defence as an unconscious mechanism that reduces the stress of painful thoughts. Unconscious projectors and rationalizers reported singularly low levels of stress over the previous year. Repression without awareness was associated with a distinctly high level of stress, whereas denial with awareness was related to lower stress. While these results provide some support for the view that defences must be unconscious to work effectively, they also suggest the diversity among defences in the role played by awareness in coping with stress.
关于防御机制是在无意识状态下起作用、代表应对问题的刻意方式，还是介于两者之间，存在着相当大的分歧。本研究通过确定特定防御机制的有意识或无意识性质是否与不同程度的压力相关联，来探讨意识在调节防御与压力关系中的作用。投射和合理化的结果证实了经典的弗洛伊德式防御机制观点，即防御是一种无意识机制，可减轻痛苦思想带来的压力。无意识投射者和合理化者报告称，过去一年的压力水平极低。无意识的压抑与明显较高的压力水平相关，而有意识的否认则与较低的压力相关。虽然这些结果为防御机制必须在无意识状态下才能有效发挥作用这一观点提供了一些支持，但它们也表明了防御机制在意识应对压力所起作用方面的多样性。
