Akinrinade Olumide Emmanuel, Rosa André Henrique
Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
Environ Res. 2025 Apr 1;270:120941. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.120941. Epub 2025 Jan 23.
This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current levels, sources and human exposure risks to hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in South American outdoor air. Research documents were obtainable for only 6 countries within the target period (2014-2024). For all contaminants, urban concentrations exceeded that of rural/remote locations. PAHs were extensively reported with concentration reaching 1100 ∑PAHs/m in Southwest of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The health risk data also exceeded the threshold level in several locations. The profiles and seasonal fluctuations across all studies were widely influenced by the prevalent local/domestic sources. Biomass combustion (particularly of sugar cane/agricultural wastes and wood/coal for residential heating), vehicular emission, and industrial emission were accounted for most PAH sources. Regulations targeting biomass combustion for improved air quality seem not to currently have significant impacts on current PAH levels. PBDEs were widely reported within 0.3-55 pg ∑BDE/m, albeit high concentrations were documented in Concepción Bay, Chile (maximum = 1100 pg ∑BDE/m) and Córdoba, Argentina (maximum = 120 pg ∑BDE/m). Most notable source of PBDEs is solid municipal wastes. Similar to other global studies, BDE-47, 99 and 209 dominated the congeners reported. PCBs were reported with the highest concentrations measured in Córdoba, Argentina (maximum = 1700 pg ∑PCBs/m), but data remain limited in other important locations such as São Paulo, Brazil. Sources of PCBs were broadly associated with solid wastes, electric transformers, and re-volatilization from polluted environment. PAHs, PCBs and PBDEs were all within average to top global concentrations. This study underscores potential rise in atmospheric level of the target contaminants without sustainable regulatory structure and the need for continuous monitoring of these contaminants as a measure of policy impacts. We provide sustainable recommendations.
本研究全面概述了南美室外空气中有害多环芳烃（PAHs）、多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）的当前水平、来源及人类暴露风险。在目标时期（2014 - 2024年）内，仅能获取6个国家的研究文献。对于所有污染物，城市浓度均超过农村/偏远地区。PAHs的报道广泛，阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯省西南部的浓度达到1100 ∑PAHs/m³。健康风险数据在多个地点也超过了阈值水平。所有研究中的污染物分布和季节波动受当地/国内普遍来源的广泛影响。生物质燃烧（特别是甘蔗/农业废弃物以及用于住宅取暖的木材/煤炭燃烧）、车辆排放和工业排放是大多数PAH的来源。旨在改善空气质量而针对生物质燃烧的法规目前似乎对当前PAH水平没有显著影响。PBDEs的报道浓度在0.3 - 55 pg ∑BDE/m³之间，不过在智利的康塞普西翁湾（最高 = 1100 pg ∑BDE/m³）和阿根廷的科尔多瓦（最高 = 120 pg ∑BDE/m³）记录到了高浓度。PBDEs最显著的来源是城市固体废弃物。与其他全球研究类似，报告的同系物中BDE - 47、99和209占主导。PCBs的报道中，阿根廷科尔多瓦的测量浓度最高（最高 = 1700 pg ∑PCBs/m³），但在巴西圣保罗等其他重要地点的数据仍然有限。PCBs的来源广泛与固体废弃物、电力变压器以及污染环境的再挥发有关。PAHs、PCBs和PBDEs的浓度均处于全球平均水平至最高水平之间。本研究强调，若无可持续的监管结构，目标污染物的大气水平可能会上升，并且需要持续监测这些污染物以衡量政策影响。我们提供了可持续的建议。
