Revisiting epigenetic regulation in cancer: Evolving trends and translational implications.

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The evolving role of epigenetics and tumor microenvironments of cancer pose significant challenges to the management of cancer. Besides genetics, epigenetic changes play a crucial role in the alteration of cellular machinery, progression, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance. Epigenetic changes such as DNA and RNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin modeling directly or indirectly influence the different stages of cancer from initiation to chemoresistant phenotype. In addition, alterations in the epigenetic machinery, such as hypo- or hyperactivation of proteins involved in epigenetic modifications, can lead to different health complications, including cancer. Recently, epi-drugs or epigenetic drugs offer emerging hope for the treatment and management of this deadly disease. Various epigenetic drugs targeting factors responsible for epigenetic modifications in cancer are currently under clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview of epigenetic modifications, their clinical implications, and the potential of epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment.