Effects of variable mating opportunity, delay, and male mating experience on the lifespan, female reproductive traits, and offspring traits of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

The balance between mating benefits and costs shapes reproductive strategies and life history traits across animal species. For biological control programs, understanding how mating rates influence life history traits is essential for optimising population management and enhancing predator efficacy. This study investigates the impact of mating opportunity availability, delayed mating, and male mating history (copulation frequency) on the lifespan (both sexes), female reproductive traits (duration of oviposition and of pre- and post-oviposition periods, and lifetime oviposition), and offspring quality (egg size and offspring survival) of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), an important biological control agent against spider mites. We examined three mating treatments-no mating, limited mating opportunity (24-h access), and continuous lifetime access-to assess their effects on lifespan (both sexes), female reproductive traits, and offspring quality. Further analyses examined the impact of delayed mating and male copulation history on female reproductive success and offspring traits. Our results showed a sexually differentiated response to repeated mating: females with continuous access to mates had similar lifespans in comparison with those mated for only 24 h, while males with continuous mating access exhibited significantly shorter lifespans. Both unlimited mating and delayed mating prolonged the female pre-oviposition period. However, neither varied mating opportunities, delayed mating, nor male copulation had any significant effect on other female reproductive traits or offspring quality. This suggests that repeated mating provides no reproductive advantage and imposes no observable costs on P. persimilis females.