Genetics of sorghum: grain quality, molecular aspects, and drought responses.

Sorghum kernel composition is a crucial characteristic that determines its functional qualities. The total protein content of sorghum grain increases under drought stress, but starch, protein digestibility, and micronutrient contents decrease. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a staple source of starch, protein, and micronutrients in Ethiopia, where it is a key ingredient in local foods like injera and traditional beverages such as tela and areke. It has adapted remarkably to the diverse climatic conditions and soils of both highland and lowland regions. However, grain quality is influenced by climate change, drought stress, and genotype-environment interactions. Under drought conditions, sorghum shows reduced starch content, protein digestibility, and micronutrient levels, as well as increased kernel hardness and total protein content. The genetic and geographic diversity of sorghum makes it an adaptable crop, essential for breeding and diversity studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as essential tools for identifying candidate genes linked to key traits, thereby advancing genetic improvement initiatives, particularly for Ethiopian sorghum landraces. Advances in genotyping techniques, particularly genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and association mapping, have facilitated the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with grain quality, enhancing breeding efficiency and the development of resilient, high-quality sorghum varieties. This review explored the genetic and phenotypic diversity of sorghum, focusing on grain quality traits, molecular mechanisms, and responses to drought stress.