Microbial Treatment Targets for Potable and Nonpotable Water Reuse - A Comprehensive Update and Harmonization.

Increasing pressures on traditional sources of water have accelerated the adoption of water reuse throughout the world. A key consideration for communities pursuing water reuse is understanding the amount of treatment that is needed to ensure adequate human health protection. Several U.S. EPA documents describe the importance of managing acute microbial risks and highlight the utility of quantitative microbial risk assessment for developing "fit-for-purpose" treatment targets based on the source of water and end-use. However, there are no U.S. federal water reuse regulations and states are currently considering microbial treatment targets for various applications. Previous publications have yet to address this need by using an updated and consistent set of input parameters to present risk-based microbial treatment targets across a wide range of sources of water, end-use applications, and health benchmarks. This work combines the most current modeling inputs and dose-response parameter values to provide probability of infection and disease burden-based microbial treatment targets for untreated municipal wastewater, untreated onsite wastewater, graywater, stormwater, and roof runoff water used for potable reuse, indoor nonpotable use, and landscape irrigation applications.