Senescent microglia: The hidden culprits accelerating Alzheimer's disease.

Ageing is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia, as the principal innate immune cells within the brain, exert homeostatic and active immunological defense functions throughout human lifespan. The age-related dysfunction of microglia is currently recognized as a pivotal trigger for brain diseases associated with aging. In AD, microglia exhibit alterations in gene expression, cellular morphology, and functional behavior. By focusing on the immunomodulatory functions of factors secreted by senescent microglia, such as cytokines, chemokines, complement factors, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), we explore the diverse detrimental effects of microglia in aging and AD pathogenesis, including Aβ accumulation, Tau deposition, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. These collectively contribute to hastening the progression of. In this review, we highlight the key role of senescent microglia in the pathological processes of AD. Then we propose that targeting senescent microglia holds great promise for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases.