Ali Shujaat, Nadeem Muhammad, Ahmed Sheeraz, Khan Faheem, Khan Murad, Alharbi Abdullah
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Department of Computer Science, IQRA National University, Peshawar, kpk, Pakistan.
PeerJ Comput Sci. 2024 Dec 9;10:e2452. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2452. eCollection 2024.
Environmental monitoring and disaster mitigation are critical applications of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). However, UASNs face significant challenges, including high latency, limited bandwidth, and energy constraints. This study introduces an Internet of Things (IoT)-driven location-aware framework (ILAF) designed to enhance UASN performance by utilizing non-GPS geographic coordinates for determining the location of sensor and sink nodes, identifying their neighbors based on coordinates and transmission range, and optimizing node placement and routing without the need for GPS modems. The framework is compared with several state-of-the-art protocols, including Bald Eagle Search inspired optimized energy efficient routing protocol (BES-OEERP) and IoT-enabled depth-based routing technique (IDBR), demonstrating superior performance. Specifically, ILAF achieved a packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 99%, which outperforms energy-efficient region-based source distributed routing algorithm (EERSDRA) (98%) and energy-efficient geo-opportunistic routing protocols (EEGORP) (96%). Additionally, ILAF reduced energy consumption by 20% compared to these existing protocols. These improvements result in a more energy-efficient network with fewer dead nodes (12 after 1,000 rounds) and higher throughput (5.7 kbps at 1,000 rounds), making ILAF suitable for real-time underwater applications. Future research will explore integrating lightweight IoT protocols like Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to enhance the framework's performance and reliability further.
环境监测和减灾是水下声学传感器网络（UASN）的关键应用。然而，UASN面临着重大挑战，包括高延迟、有限带宽和能量限制。本研究引入了一种物联网（IoT）驱动的位置感知框架（ILAF），旨在通过利用非GPS地理坐标来确定传感器节点和汇聚节点的位置、基于坐标和传输范围识别其邻居，以及在无需GPS调制解调器的情况下优化节点布局和路由，从而提高UASN的性能。该框架与几种先进协议进行了比较，包括秃鹰搜索启发的优化节能路由协议（BES - OEERP）和物联网驱动的基于深度的路由技术（IDBR），展示出了卓越的性能。具体而言，ILAF实现了99%的数据包交付率（PDR），优于节能区域源分布式路由算法（EERSDRA）（98%）和节能地理机会路由协议（EEGORP）（96%）。此外，与这些现有协议相比，ILAF的能耗降低了20%。这些改进使得网络更加节能，死节点更少（1000轮后为12个），吞吐量更高（1000轮时为5.7 kbps），使ILAF适用于实时水下应用。未来的研究将探索集成轻量级物联网协议，如消息队列遥测传输（MQTT）和受限应用协议（CoAP），以进一步提高框架的性能和可靠性。
