ADAR1 haploinsufficiency and sustained viral RdRp dsRNA synthesis synergize to dysregulate RNA editing and cause multi-system interferonopathy.

Sensing of viral double-stranded RNA by MDA5 triggers abundant but transient interferon-stimulated gene (ISGs) expression. If dsRNA synthesis is made persistent by transgenically expressing a picornaviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in mice, lifelong MDA5-MAVS pathway activation and marked, global ISG upregulation result. This confers robust protection from viral diseases but in contrast to numerous other chronic MDA5 hyperactivation states, the mice suffer no autoimmune or other health consequences. Here we find they further confound expectations by being resistant to a strong autoimmunity (lupus) provocation. However, knockout of one allele of Adar breaks the autoinflammation-protected state of RdRptg mice and results in a severe disease that resembles interferonopathies caused by MDA5 gain-of-function protein mutations. Adar+/- mice are healthy but Adar+/- RdRptg mice have shortened lifespan, stunted growth, premature fur graying, poorly developed teeth, skeletal abnormalities, and extreme ISG elevations. A-to-I edits are both abnormally distributed and increased (numbers of genes and sites). These results, with a nucleic acid-triggered and MDA5-wild type model, illuminate the ADAR1-MDA5 axis in the regulation of innate immunity and establish that viral polymerase-sourced dsRNA can drive autoinflammatory disease pathogenesis.