Tang Ruipeng, Wu Yinhe, Tan Jun, Guan Binghong, Aridas Narendra Kumar, Talip Mohamad Sofian Abu
Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Faculty of Education, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, 330032, China.
Sci Rep. 2025 Feb 17;15(1):5756. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-89710-w.
WSN (wireless sensor network) plays a very important role in the agricultural environment monitoring. Although solar energy and other power supply methods are used to solve the node energy problem, the monitoring equipment works outdoors for a long time, which is easily affected by the environment. The supply is unstable to cause abnormalities in some nodes. So this study proposes a ZIRRA algorithm (ZigBee immune routing repair algorithm) for the rechargeable agricultural WSN. It simulates the working mechanism of the immune system and designs modules such as identification, processing, cloning and storage, which can provide a better repair strategy for abnormal nodes. Then it compares the quality of the backup nodes and replaces the backup nodes with poor quality, so that the optimal paths are maintained between source nodes and middle relay nodes, which increases the optimization ability of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the ZIRRA algorithm shows significant advantages in routing node repair mechanism. Compared with the LFRA, AR-TORA and ICCO algorithms, the average routing energy consumption of the ZIRRA algorithm reduced 35.33%, 58.37% and 45.15% , the data transmission delay reduced by 23.72%, 36.74% and 16.28%, and the average node survival time extended 25.08%, 33.55% and 13.88%. In addition, the maximum communication time and network throughput of the ZIRRA algorithm increased 44.49% and 13.03% at the scale of 1000 to 2000 nodes. These quantitative results show that the ZIRRA algorithm can improve the energy efficiency, transmission reliability and stability. The ZIRRA algorithm draws on the working principle of the immune system and repairs abnormal nodes through identification, processing, cloning and storage modules. Unlike the traditional node repair algorithms, the ZIRRA algorithm has higher efficiency and accuracy in identifying and processing abnormal nodes through the improved clone tracking algorithm. It uses an improved clone tracking algorithm in the learning module, improves the cloning and mutation mechanisms, and generates the optimal antibodies for repairing abnormal nodes. It also integrates an adaptive energy management strategy to cope with fluctuations in energy levels by prioritizing the transmission of critical data and reducing the frequency of non-essential communications, which improves the network stability and data transmission reliability.
无线传感器网络（WSN）在农业环境监测中发挥着非常重要的作用。尽管采用太阳能等供电方式来解决节点能源问题，但监测设备长时间在户外工作，容易受到环境影响。供电不稳定会导致一些节点出现异常。因此，本研究针对可充电农业无线传感器网络提出了一种ZIRRA算法（ZigBee免疫路由修复算法）。它模拟了免疫系统的工作机制，并设计了识别、处理、克隆和存储等模块，可为异常节点提供更好的修复策略。然后比较备份节点的质量，替换质量差的备份节点，以便在源节点和中间中继节点之间维持最优路径，从而提高算法的优化能力。实验结果表明，ZIRRA算法在路由节点修复机制方面具有显著优势。与LFRA、AR-TORA和ICCO算法相比，ZIRRA算法的平均路由能耗分别降低了35.33%、58.37%和45.15%，数据传输延迟分别降低了23.72%、36.74%和16.28%，平均节点存活时间分别延长了25.08%、33.55%和13.88%。此外，在1000至2000个节点规模下，ZIRRA算法的最大通信时间和网络吞吐量分别提高了44.49%和13.03%。这些定量结果表明，ZIRRA算法可以提高能源效率、传输可靠性和稳定性。ZIRRA算法借鉴了免疫系统的工作原理，通过识别、处理、克隆和存储模块修复异常节点。与传统的节点修复算法不同，ZIRRA算法通过改进的克隆跟踪算法在识别和处理异常节点方面具有更高的效率和准确性。它在学习模块中使用改进的克隆跟踪算法，改进克隆和变异机制，生成用于修复异常节点的最优抗体。它还集成了自适应能量管理策略，通过优先传输关键数据和减少非必要通信的频率来应对能量水平的波动，从而提高网络稳定性和数据传输可靠性。
