Mayerson P L, Fallon J F
Dev Biol. 1985 Jun;109(2):259-67. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90453-1.
Feather germs arise in a specific sequence and spatio-temporal pattern within each of 10 feather areas on the White Leghorn chick embryo. The time of feather germ initiation was determined by histological and gross macroscopic analyses. Protruding feather germs are sequentially visualized in the dorsal, thigh, breast, head, humoral, ventral, wing, eye, and external auditory meatus feather areas, respectively, from stage 31- to stage 39+ [V. Hamburger and H.L. Hamilton (1951) J. Morphol. 88, 49-92]. The rate at which successive feather tracts appear was found to differ for different feather areas and was not simply due to the size of a feather area. Feather germ histogenesis was examined in the dorsal, thigh, breast, ventral, wing, and tail feather areas. The stages of feather germ histogenesis, examined on the wing feather area, are similar to those previously described for the dorsal surface. Gross and histological analyses gave different times and temporal sequences of feather germ visualization. Some feather areas were readily visualized at the time of feather germ initiation, while others showed a lag between the histological appearance of feather germs and their macroscopic visualization. Thus, macroscopic observations do not accurately reflect the pattern of histogenesis.
在白来航鸡胚胎的10个羽区中，羽芽按照特定的顺序和时空模式出现。通过组织学和大体宏观分析确定羽芽起始的时间。从第31期到第39 +期，分别在背部、大腿、胸部、头部、体液、腹部、翅膀、眼睛和外耳道羽区依次观察到突出的羽芽[V. Hamburger和H.L. Hamilton（1951年）《形态学杂志》88卷，49 - 92页]。发现不同羽区相继出现羽列的速率不同，且不仅仅取决于羽区的大小。在背部、大腿、胸部、腹部、翅膀和尾部羽区检查了羽芽组织发生情况。在翅膀羽区检查的羽芽组织发生阶段与先前描述的背部表面相似。大体和组织学分析给出了羽芽可视化的不同时间和时间顺序。一些羽区在羽芽起始时很容易观察到，而其他羽区在羽芽的组织学出现与其宏观可视化之间存在滞后。因此，宏观观察不能准确反映组织发生模式。
